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Prepositions after adjectives

Related with different prepositions

Related to is the standard pattern for connection or association. Related with appears in some formal or regional varieties but is less common. In, by, and for usually introduce separate details rather than fixed complements after related.

Quick answer

Which preposition follows related?

Use related to for connections, topics, causes, or family relationships. Related with exists in some formal or regional usage but is less common in modern standard English. Related in, related by, and related for usually have different grammatical roles.

The two problems are related to each other.
Symptoms related to stress may improve with rest.
They are related by marriage.

Choose the pattern by meaning

These forms are not interchangeable. Choose the construction by meaning, not by which preposition appears most often.

1
related to + topic/person

Connected or associated with something

Related to is the standard and most flexible pattern.

Her research is related to climate policy.
The delay may be related to bad weather.
2
related by + relationship

Connected through family or category

Related by is used when naming the basis of a relationship.

The families are related by marriage.
The species are related by origin.
3
related in + respect

Connected in a particular way

Related in identifies the aspect in which things are connected.

The two cases are related in several ways.
Their ideas are related in structure and tone.
4
related with + topic

Less common alternative to related to

Related with appears in some formal or regional English, but related to is usually preferred.

Questions related with safety will be discussed.
The article is related with urban planning.

See the difference in context

The same subject can take different constructions because each sentence answers a different question.

Construction
Example
Meaning
related to
The meeting is related to budget planning.
Standard and most common pattern for connection.
related with
The issue is related with staffing levels.
Possible but less natural than related to in modern standard English.
related in
The subjects are related in several respects.
In introduces the aspect of similarity.
related by
They are related by blood.
By states the basis of the relationship.
related for
The report was prepared for related reasons.
For does not normally follow related as its complement.

Common mistakes

Some combinations appear in real text but do not mean what learners often assume.

Using related with in ordinary contexts

Related to is usually the more natural choice.

✕ The discussion is related with education. ✓ The discussion is related to education.

Using for after related

For is not a standard complement after related.

✕ The change is related for cost issues. ✓ The change is related to cost issues.

Confusing related by and related to

Related by names the basis of a relationship, while related to expresses a general connection.

✕ They are related to blood. ✓ They are related by blood.

Quick practice

Choose the expression that matches the intended meaning.

1. His symptoms may be ___ lack of sleep.
2. The two families are ___ marriage.
3. The subjects are closely ___ style and structure.

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Frequently asked questions

Is related with wrong?

Not always, but related to is more natural and more widely used in current standard English.

Can related describe family connections?

Yes. You can say related to someone or related by blood or marriage.

What comes after related in?

Related in is usually followed by the aspect or respect in which things are connected.

racist-in-against-for-to, towards "radical in" or "radical for"? rampant in, among, with, on or throughout? "rare in" or "rare for"? "rational for" or "rational in"? "raw in", "raw for" or "raw with"? reachable by, from, on, in or through? "reactive to", "reactive rather" or "reactive in"? ready for, to, in, at or by? "realistic about" or "realistic in"? "real to", "real for" or "real in"? rearing of, as or on?

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