How To Use Microtubule In A Sentence
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It predicts that spindle microtubules in animal cells begin to oscillate at the beginning of prometaphase, and that those oscillations rapidly accelerate until metaphase,.
Wells vs tiny flies - The Panda's Thumb
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These studies have led to the findings that bundles of several doublet microtubules can propagate bending waves, and a pair of outer doublets can undergo cyclical association/dissociation interaction.
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When growth cones encounter guidance cues or asymmetric environments, signaling changes may also affect filopodial motility and distribution or microtubule engorgement to guide subsequent growth cone motility.
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There are nine paired microtubules per axoneme, and they are interconnected by dynein molecules, protruding at regular intervals like the legs of a millipede.
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Microtubule drugs are widely used in cancer chemotherapy due to their cytostatic effects.
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It brings us to another question, whether the neck region of a flagellar axoneme with a basal body could make some mechanical hindrance to microtubules sliding.
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The cell is then stretched and split into two halves on the framework of microtubules, each half containing a full complement of chromosomes.
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Though speculative, perhaps these heterodimeric motors walk along the seam of the doublet microtubules or interact optimally with the microtubule-associated proteins found on axonemal microtubules.
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When nocodazole was used to depolymerize microtubules in the cell periphery, we observed a significant increase of failures to initiate compared to untreated cells.
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Another suggested cause is calcium-induced neuronal death which could implicate disruption of cytoskeletal microtubules inside neurons as the precipitating factor.
Deepak Chopra: End-of-Life Brain Activity - A Sign of the Soul?
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It was not possible to accurately derive diffusion constants directly from the measured recovery times, due to the inhomogeneous distribution of microtubules in three dimensions.
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It was reported for pea that GA changes the orientation of microtubules and cellulose microfibrils, making the cells swell more in length.
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These rows act as linear tracks along which microtubules can be passed: the kinesin molecules pass the tubules to one another like a bucket brigade.
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Chromosome loss may be the result of either non-attachment of the chromosome kinetochore to the spindle microtubules or chromosome lagging at anaphase and gives rise to a micronucleus.
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On the contrary, anti-decoherence stipulations of Orch OR include 1) transiently encasing bundles of dendritic microtubules in actin gel ” an isolated, shielded and water-ordered non-liquid environment for quantum processes, 2) quantum states extending among dendritic gel environments via quantum tunneling and/or entanglement through window-like gap junctions of dendritic webs, 3) microtubule quantum error correction topology (Hameroff et al, 2002) and 4) biomolecular quantum states pumped by, rather than disrupted by, heat energy.
A Third Choice (ID Hypothesis)
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The cytoskeleton is composed of microfilament, microtubule and intermediate filament, which have important biological functions.
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1992 – Acousto-conformational transitions in cytoskeletal microtubules: Implications for intracellular information processing
Behe vs. Dawkins
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The microtubules tie the chromosomes to the mitotic spindle during cell division.
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Kinetochore microtubule bundles link sister chromosomes to the poles.
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This suggests that the distribution of minus ends where microtubules depolymerize and thus, the pole itself, extends over a large area.
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Disruption of the microtubule network significantly weakens the elastic response, and the disassembly of actin filaments completely prevents gelation.
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The current data argue strongly that it is also not caused by irregularities incorporated into the tubulin lattice or by the presence of unsuspected subpopulations of microtubules.
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One class of anti-inflammatory agents is microtubule-disrupting agents such as colchicine and vinblastine.
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On one hand, angiosperm cells lack centrosomes as microtubule organizing centres and are missing the contractile ring which serves as a tool for cytokinesis in animal cells.
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Functional analysis of human microtubule-based motor proteins, the kinesins and dyneins, in mitosis/cytokinesis using RNA interference.
Wells vs tiny flies - The Panda's Thumb
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Marching along a microtubule is the kinesin motor, the hero of our story, carrying a huge sack of proteins to be delivered to a pre-determined place in the cell.
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The oocytes were then extracted in a 37°C microtubule-stabilizing buffer containing non-ionic detergent and glycerol.
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Plant cells have very few microtubules (very small E); whether they have quantum isolation and quantum computation is unknown.
A Third Choice (ID Hypothesis)
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The key step in this process was that the dynein obtained from the host evolved into axonemal dyneins, attaching onto the microtubules and forming motile axonemes.
ID Research, Look to the Example
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That may well operate via quantum weirdness as well, at least per the Penrose-Hameroff Orch-OR model of consciousness – where tubulin dimers in the microtubules of centrioles and cytoskeleton perform quantum computational information processing by configurational state-switching.
Coordinated Evolution
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The researchers showed that actin filaments and microtubules, structural elements that traverse cells like the ribs of an umbrella, could function as conduits for the spread of biochemical signals.
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In animal cells mitochondrion movement is mainly associated with microtubules (MTs).
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The capsid is assumed to bind to microtubule-associated motors (such as dynein) at Schematic of one-dimensional cytoplasmic transport along a microtubule.
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At metaphase, centrosomes initiate the bipolar microtubule spindle.
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The data was therefore convoluted with a profile that mimics the image of a microtubule to filter out the vertical coordinate.
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In a similar fashion, the final stage of animal cytokinesis is based on de novo formation of the plasma membrane via the interdigitating microtubules known as the midbody.
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That may well operate via quantum weirdness as well, at least per the Penrose-Hameroff Orch-OR model of consciousness – where tubulin dimers in the microtubules of centrioles and cytoskeleton perform quantum computational information processing by configurational state-switching.
Coordinated Evolution
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The front head attaches to a microtubule with a displacement toward the plus end of the microtubule.
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Both types of labeled kinesins show anisotropic fluorescence signals when bound to axonemal microtubules, but the bifunctional probe is less mobile resulting in higher anisotropy.
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This is consistent with the more general observation in the literature, that microtubules are almost inextensible, the compliance of cells being due primarily to filament bending or sliding between filaments.
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This antagonism could be important to allow the neuron to correctly repolarize its microtubules before growing the new axon, they said.
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Essentially, a multiprotein system known as intraflagellar transport, or IFT, attaches to the cilium axonome (the 9+2 structure made of microtubules, which are made of tubulin), grabs the necessary protein subunits (like tubulin) from inside the cell, and “walks” them along the axoneme of the cilium out to the tip, where the subunits are deposited.
Of cilia and silliness (more on Behe) - The Panda's Thumb
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The microtubules tie the chromosomes to the mitotic spindle during cell division.
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If microfilaments antagonize microtubules, this uneven distribution of microfilaments should affect microtubule morphology.
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And guess what, the tubulin dimers that make up the microtubules are small enough to be influenced by quantum level effects.
Coordinated Evolution
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Second, the centromere is the focus for the formation of the kinetochore, where microtubules connect to the chromosomes during anaphase in mitosis and meiosis.
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Such techniques can provide us with only the information of microtubule displacement in a plane vertical to the optical axis.
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The researchers used cryogenic electron microscopy to study the complexity of the end of microtubules under known growth conditions.
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These solutions show that the dynamics of motion is dramatically slowed down if one end of a microtubule is fixed instead of free.
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The microtubules tie the chromosomes to the mitotic spindle during cell division.
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Spindle fibers, composed of microtubules, have attached to the sister pairs of chromosomes at their point of attachment the kinetochore, or centromere.
THE HIDDEN FACE OF GOD
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(A) HeLa cells expressing βarr2-GFP fusion were untreated (control) or treated with nocodazole or taxol (10 µM) to depolymerize or stabilize microtubule network respectively.
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The basic structural subunit of microtubules is the protein tubulin.
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While taxanes overpolymerize and bundle microtubules into sheets, vinca alkaloids depolymerize microtubules into soluble tubulin.
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We explore the impact of rheology on actin-dependent cytoplasmic contraction, and find that although microtubules modulate contractile forces in vitro, their interactions are not purely mechanical.
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In most animal cells, the centrosome contains a pair of centrioles, which consist of an array of microtubules.
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A legacy of these ancient symbiotic interactions is that eukaryotic cells continue to show tight links between nuclei, centrosomes and microtubules in the form of Cell Bodies.
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Many of the protists in Sporozoa were found to share some structural components, such as an apical complex of microtubules inside of a cell.
CreationWiki - Recent changes [en]
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Kinetochore proteins bind to a microtubule spindle to keep chromosomes segregated during cell division.
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In patients with a defect of central microtubules, the ultrastructure, and thus the function, of nodal cilia would not be affected.
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Since CLIPR-59, CLIP-170-related protein, has recently been identified as a microtubule binding protein associated with lipid rafts, we analyzed the role of GD3-CLIPR-59 association in lymphoblastoid T cell apoptosis triggered by CD95/Fas.
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These complexes become attached to some of the spindle microtubules, which are then termed kinetochore microtubules.
Undefined
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In most animal cells, the centrosome contains a pair of centrioles, which consist of an array of microtubules.
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KIF1A bound to the microtubule moved toward the plus end of the microtubule with a displacement of 2.8 nm.
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It predicts that spindle microtubules in animal cells begin to oscillate at the beginning of prometaphase, and that those oscillations rapidly accelerate until metaphase,.
Wells vs tiny flies - The Panda's Thumb
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Presumably there might be pregnenolone binding protein, which can control the formation of microtubules in zebrafish embryo.
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Initially the stumbling block to a blind and random search was nexin linkers, dynein motor and microtubules.
Behe: ID rescues Common Descent
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The biogenesis of microtubules in vivo consists of a cascade of sequential reactions.
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A number of models have been proposed based on assumption of certain feedback mechanisms wherein local sliding between microtubules is regulated by the axonemal curvature.
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Previous studies have revealed that axonemal microtubules showed oscillatory sliding under the condition where the free bending of axonemes was restricted by adhering them on glass surfaces.
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Actin microfilaments are found perpendicular to the cortical microtubules and may be the source of motion to propel the directional motions of the fluid membrane.
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A meiotic microtubule doesn't grab a chromosome at random?
Crossroads
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In metaphase, sister kinetochores attach to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle pole bodies during alignment of the chromosomes.
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It was assumed that each kinetochore remained attached to the tip of its microtubule throughout the duration of the simulation.
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Other activities of specialized kinesin-like proteins, such as microtubule depolymerization by proteins of the kinesin 13 family, also require ATP hydrolysis
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John Sulston had already found that these cells had unique bundles of very prominent microtubules (the cells were originally called the microtubule cells), so they were very easy to see in the micrographs.
Martin Chalfie - Autobiography
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The ultrastructure of normal cilia consists of nine outer microtubule pairs and two single central microtubules.
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Despite of our use of cytochalasin B in extract preparation to prevent a massive contamination of the microtubule pellet with polymerizing actin filaments
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In any case, what he found was that treating two different leukemia and lymphoma cell lines with ascorbate at those concentrations before treating them with chemotherapeutic agents, including mechanistically dissimilar agents such as doxorubicin, which intercalates with DNA and causes DNA breaks; methotrexate, which inhibits folate metabolism; cisplatin, which crosslinks DNA; vincristine, which interferes with microtubule function; and imatinib mesylate (better known by its trade name of Gleevec), a selective inhibitor of the activity of a protein called bcr-abl, which is the oncogene that plays a central role in the development of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).
Adrian Monck
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He admits to the possibility/probablity that conciousness is a direct artifact of quantum mechanics but, for some reason, he wants to downplay the role of microtubules.
A Voice from the Middle Ground
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In animal cells during mitosis and interphase, microtubule growth occurs at plus ends, and microtubule assembly is dominated by plus-end dynamic instability.
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To explore the mechanism of invasion, gentamicin protection assays were performed with endometrial cells that had been incubated for 1 h in control medium or in medium with the host cytoskeletal inhibitors cytochalasin D (microfilaments) or colchicine (microtubules) before addition of 10 M.O.I. bacteria.
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Axial transport of melanosomes in the dendritic arms of melanocytes is now recognized as another bidirectional dual transport system, containing microtubules near the central axis and subcortical actin filaments.
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Clathrins, located at the tips of microtubules, are truncated icosahedra, abuzz with golden ratios.
Jane Chafin: Andy Warhol, Killer of Art? / Small Books, Big Ideas
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Tubulin binds also different drugs such as colchicine, vinblastine, podophyllotoxin, which inhibit tubulin assembly or depolymerize existing microtubules at micromolar concentrations.
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Since Cav1. 2 delivery to BIN1 occurs in reductionist non-myocyte cell lines, we find that other myocyte-specific structures are not essential and there is an intrinsic relationship between microtubule-based Cav1. 2 delivery and its BIN1 scaffold.
PLoS Biology: New Articles
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The length of the longest microtubule bundle in monopolar tubulin arrays was measured microscopically.
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It is the sperm basal body that serves as a centriole in the zygotic microtubule organizing center.
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Proteins made in microtubules of the liver cells cannot be released and lead to enlarged balloon-like cells, the hallmark of alcoholic liver disease.
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Says Nogales, ‘That the rings remain attached to the microtubule end as it depolymerizes, is a most ingenious mechanism to move chromosome to the two daughter cells during anaphase, without even requiring energy.’
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One of the major systems is the microtubule-based transport system along which kinesin and dynein motor proteins generate force and drive the traffic of many cellular components.
Another predictable argument against front-loading
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Cells are prestressed networks of tension-bearing microfilaments that are coupled to compression-resistant microtubules and extracellular matrix molecules.
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Meiotic chromosome segregation is initiated when tension signals the bipolar attachment of microtubules to each homolog pair.
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The dynactin complex interacts with both microtubules and microfilaments.
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Here we provide evidence of a new type of organelle movement in squid axoplasm which is independent of both microtubules and microtubule-based motors.
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In particular, we have focused our attention on microtubules, actin microfilaments and intermediate filaments of keratin.
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The common view was that microtubules all began at the cell body; the graph should have simply shown a decrease in microtubule number as one looked further from the cell body.
Martin Chalfie - Autobiography
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These observations indicate that the MTOCs of the two haploid nuclei failed to fuse, remaining as microtubule nucleating centers.
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This drug-induced autophagy was also confirmed by immunoblotting for microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC-3), a well known marker for autophagy
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As in wild type, the cytoplasm of the cap cell has many microtubules organized parallel to the longitudinal axis of the organelle.
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Contrast to these antimitotic drugs, taxol, the first compound known to interact exclusively with a polymer form of tubulin, works through bind tightly to microtubules and stabilize them.
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According to Orch OR, under normal conditions in an intact, healthy brain, consciousness occurs as frames or snapshots extending through multiple spatiotemporal levels from networks to neurons to microtubules to quantum forces, down to and including Planck scale geometry.
Deepak Chopra: Can Science Explain the Soul?
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Both mitotic and meiotic spindle microtubules are stabilized and organized into a bipolar shape by a number of accessory proteins, called microtubule motors and MAPs (for "Microtubule-Associated Proteins")
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Paclitaxel prevents cancer cells by binding to cell components called microtubules.
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During meiosis, fibres called microtubules attach themselves to the centre kinetochore of the chromosomes.
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Briefly, cells grown on coverslips were treated with nocodazole (10 µM) for 45 minutes at 4°C or with Taxol (10 µM) for 45 minutes at 37°C to depolymerize or stabilize microtubules respectively.
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These pharmacological agents depolymerize microtubules and actin respectively.
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- Perhaps the most recognizable phase of mitosis is termed metaphase, a stage where the chromosomes, attached to the kinetochore microtubules, begin to align in a single plane (known as the metaphase plate) midway between the spindle poles (see Figure 1 (c)).
Undefined
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Marching along a microtubule is the kinesin motor, the hero of our story, carrying
WN.com - Articles related to Scientists uncover mysterious workings of cholera bacteria
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It the hypothesis predicts that spindle microtubules in animal cells begin to oscillate at the beginning of prometaphase, and that those oscillations rapidly accelerate until metaphase, at which point they decelerate or cease.
ID-friendly journal paper makes testable predictions
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Microtubules have vibrational resonances in the kilohertz (10 to the third power Hz) for tubulin C-termini, megahertz (10 to the 6th power Hz) for tubulin, and gigahertz (10 to the ninth power Hz) for ordered water in hollow microtubule cores.
Deepak Chopra: Can Science Explain the Soul?
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A microtubule-dependent polar ejection force that pushes chromosomes away from spindle poles during prometaphase is observed in animal cells but not in the cells of higher plants.
Revisiting Rivista - The Panda's Thumb
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The astral microtubule arrays around the centrosomes, like the nuclei, are visible as areas that are largely devoid of yolk granules.
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In 1982 Stuart Hameroff, along with R.C. Watt, presented a paper titled Information Processing in Microtubules where they laid out how the tubulin dimers that make up microtubules can act like on/off bits in a computer.
Damn Duck