Prepositions with nouns

In decline or of decline?

The usual expression is 'in decline' to describe something that is becoming weaker, smaller, or less successful. 'Of decline' is not normally used as a fixed combination.

Quick answer

Which phrase is correct?

'In decline' is the standard expression for a negative change over time. 'Of decline' is usually not idiomatic after the noun 'decline', although 'of' may appear in longer phrases such as 'signs of decline'.

The industry is in decline after years of low investment.
Several species are in decline because of habitat loss.
We noticed signs of decline in the local economy.

Choose the pattern by meaning

These forms are not interchangeable. Choose the construction by meaning, not by which preposition appears most often.

1
in decline

Describing something that is weakening or decreasing

Use 'in decline' after a noun or verb to show that something is becoming less successful, healthy, or important.

Traditional print media is in decline.
Her health has been in decline for months.
2
decline in + noun

Showing what is decreasing

Use 'decline in' before the thing that becomes smaller in amount or quality.

There was a sharp decline in sales last quarter.
Scientists observed a decline in population numbers.
3
signs of decline

Referring to evidence of deterioration

Here, 'of' belongs to the noun phrase 'signs of decline', not directly to 'decline' itself.

The building showed signs of decline after years of neglect.
Analysts detected evidence of decline in the market.

See the difference in context

The same subject can take different constructions because each sentence answers a different question.

Construction
Example
Meaning
in decline
The town's population is in decline.
Standard expression meaning it is decreasing or becoming weaker.
of decline
The phrase 'of decline' is uncommon after 'decline' alone.
Usually nonstandard as a direct alternative to 'in decline'.
decline in
We saw a decline in customer interest.
Used before the thing that decreases.
signs of decline
The report described signs of decline in the sector.
'Of' connects another noun to 'decline' inside a larger phrase.

Common mistakes

Some combinations appear in real text but do not mean what learners often assume.

Using 'of decline' instead of 'in decline'

Use 'in decline' to describe a downward trend or weakening condition.

✕ The company is of decline. ✓ The company is in decline.

Confusing 'decline in' with 'in decline'

'Decline in' introduces what decreases, while 'in decline' describes a state.

✕ There was an in decline sales. ✓ There was a decline in sales.

Using 'decline of' for a general trend

'Decline of' can appear in specific structures such as 'the decline of the empire', but not as a replacement for 'in decline'.

✕ The industry is decline of. ✓ The industry is in decline.

Quick practice

Choose the expression that matches the intended meaning.

1. After years of competition, the business was ___ .
2. Researchers reported a ___ bird populations.
3. The old district showed clear ___ after the factories closed.

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Frequently asked questions

Is 'in decline' formal or informal?

It is neutral and common in both formal and informal English.

Can 'decline of' ever be correct?

Yes. It is correct in phrases like 'the decline of the Roman Empire', where 'of' introduces what is declining.

Is 'of decline' ever used alone after a verb?

Not usually. English normally uses 'in decline' for that meaning.

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