Prepositions after adjectives

Unlawful for, unlawful under, or unlawful in?

Unlawful is commonly followed by for when describing an action and under when referring to a law or rule. Unlawful in is usually a separate place or context phrase, not a fixed combination.

Quick answer

Which preposition is correct after unlawful?

Use unlawful for before an action or activity: unlawful for minors to gamble. Use unlawful under before the name of a law or legal system: unlawful under federal law. Unlawful in usually introduces a place or situation rather than forming a fixed expression.

It is unlawful for employers to keep passports.
The practice is unlawful under EU regulations.
The activity became unlawful in several states after the reform.

Choose the pattern by meaning

These forms are not interchangeable. Choose the construction by meaning, not by which preposition appears most often.

1
unlawful for + person or activity

Showing who cannot legally do something

Use unlawful for before a person, group, or activity affected by the law.

It is unlawful for drivers to use handheld phones.
The website made it unlawful for users to share copied material.
2
unlawful under + law or regulation

Naming the legal authority

Use unlawful under when referring to the law, code, or regulation that makes something illegal.

The contract was unlawful under local law.
This payment may be unlawful under company policy.
3
unlawful in + place or context

Adding location or situation

In after unlawful usually introduces a place, field, or situation rather than completing the adjective itself.

The product is unlawful in some countries.
Such advertising is unlawful in public schools.

See the difference in context

The same subject can take different constructions because each sentence answers a different question.

Construction
Example
Meaning
unlawful for
It is unlawful for children to buy alcohol.
the law prohibits a person or action
unlawful under
The agreement is unlawful under state law.
a specific law or rule makes something illegal
unlawful in
The practice is unlawful in this region.
illegal within a place or context, not a fixed adjective pattern
illegal under
The tax scheme was illegal under federal regulations.
close synonym often used in legal writing

Common mistakes

Some combinations appear in real text but do not mean what learners often assume.

Using unlawful under before a person

Under refers to a law or rule, not the person affected.

✕ It is unlawful under teenagers to vape. ✓ It is unlawful for teenagers to vape.

Treating unlawful in as the main adjective pattern

In usually adds place or context information.

✕ The policy is unlawful in the constitution. ✓ The policy is unlawful under the constitution.

Using for with a law name

Use under when naming the law that creates the prohibition.

✕ The action is unlawful for federal law. ✓ The action is unlawful under federal law.

Quick practice

Choose the expression that matches the intended meaning.

1. It is unlawful ___ employees to access private records.
2. The transaction was unlawful ___ international sanctions.
3. The substance is unlawful ___ several countries.

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Frequently asked questions

Can unlawful be followed by a person?

Yes. Use unlawful for plus a person or group: unlawful for minors.

What is the difference between unlawful and illegal?

Both mean against the law. Illegal is more common in everyday English, while unlawful often appears in legal or formal contexts.

Is unlawful in incorrect?

No. It is natural when in introduces a place or context, such as unlawful in this state.

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