How To Use Ligand In A Sentence
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Drugs can be encapsulated into or adsorbed onto the particles, along with cell-specific ligands that can home in on a clinical target.
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For instance, the apparent lack of sensitivity of GLRs to amino acids could reflect the orientation of the proteins within the heterologous host membrane, rather than insensitivity to ligands.
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In addition, these ligands markedly upregulated production of CD36, a scavenger receptor that regulates phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils.
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Interaction has been measured in this way for ligand-receptor pairs of biotin and avidin, complementary DNA pairs, and antigen-antibody pairs.
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Ligand is also conducting phase three trials on Targretin for a form of lymphoma and is looking at it for other cancers.
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This nonspecific binding is similar to the behavior displayed by other cationic DNA-binding ligands such as cationic oligopeptides and polyamines.
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Based on this mechanism, other phenomena related to receptor and ligand recycling to the cell surface or targeting to the lysosome could be explained, which are also due to the pH difference between the external environment and the interior of the endocytic pathway vesicles.
Aaron Ciechanover - Autobiography
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By the mid 1980's we had developed what I call well-defined catalysts for both the olefin and acetylene metathesis reactions that contained sterically protecting imido and/or alkoxide ligands.
Richard R. Schrock - Autobiography
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Portions of both a and b form the extracellular ligand binding domains.
The Scientist
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The trend in the photophysical properties found in the emission spectra parallels the changes in the photochemical properties with the electron-donating or electron-withdrawing power of the substituent on the imidazole ligand.
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The use of these ligands proved to be very effective in the reactions of several malonates and cyanoacetates with both electron-rich and electron-poor aryl chlorides and bromides.
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This binding affinity is related to free enthalpy of the formation of the product of metal and ligand.
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Special care was taken to include all the hydrogen bonds between the zinc ligands and the surrounding residues.
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I'm not allowed to refer to things by convenient abbreviations such as dichloromethane, DCM, nor am I allowed to refer to things as the malonato ligand, or the diaminocyclohexyl group.
Lecturer Notes
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The understanding of molecular interactions and binding also provides the basis for many biotechnology designs and processes, such as rational design of artificial affinity ligands for biopolymers purification.
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Combinatorial chemistry has provided novel avenues to probe molecular structure, biochemical activity (enzyme kinetics, ligand binding), and biological function.
The Scientist
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Tjelvar SG, Olsson, Mark A, Williams, William R, et al. (2008) The thermodynamics of protein-ligand interaction and solvation: insights for ligand design.
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The Netropsin ligand consists of a guanidinium, two pyrrole, and a propylamidinium part.
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Our study is the first demonstration that ligand binding can strengthen a protein against mechanical stress.
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Ligand field theory, like crystal field theory, concentrates on what happens when ligands split the central metal atom's inner orbitals.
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Alison Tamasi and Lauryn Wolfe presented a paper, "Synthesis of coordination polymers using the imide ligand [N - (4-carboxyphenyl) - 5-carboxypthalimide] and other novel imide ligands," at the division of inorganic chemistry symposium on Undergraduate Research at the Frontiers of Inorganic Chemistry.
News | LL | http://www.theledger.com
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A series of logical steps, originally discussed as postings and comments to two blogs, led to the outcome described here of a central hypervalent atom bound on one face by a small cyclic carbon ligand, with the other free face having an interaction to a helium atom with the topological properties of a charge-shift rather than a covalent bond.
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The bonding between the ligand and the metal ion is intermediate between covalent and electrostatic.
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Calcium will interfere and is eliminated by complexing with a ligand which binds calcium and not magnesium.
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Recently the intracellular protein BAT3, which is involved in DNA damage induced apoptosis, was identified as a ligand for NKp30.
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Immunostaining of WARP-interacting ligands demonstrated that the collagen VI microfibrillar matrix was severely reduced and mislocalized in peripheral nerves of WARP-null mice.
Journal of Biological Chemistry current issue
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When they are oligomerized by a gold particle or by liganding, they have a much lower chance of crossing a picket line, due to the increased interactions with the anchored membrane-protein pickets.
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KemPharm's LAT platform generates modified versions of FDA-approved drugs by chemically attaching a removable substituent, called a ligand, to the approved drug, resulting in a prodrug that is an NCE with potentially improved therapeutic characteristics based on enhanced pharmacokinetic profiles and other characteristics.
Health News from Medical News Today
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The charge on the complex ion is the sum of the charges on the metal ion and the ligands.
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Ligand is seeking another collaboration to develop diabetes drugs.
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The structures of monolayers on Si(100) made up of two acetyl-protected triol ligands, derived from 2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol, namely, R-C(CH
Journal of Physical Chemistry C
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The peptide binds to the protein noncovalently; without the dissociable peptide ligand, the MHC molecule loses its stable structure very rapidly and becomes sensitive to proteolytic degradation.
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MethodsThe supporter paper fiber was activated with epoxy chloropropane etc. According to the influence of spacer and different ligand on absorption of kinase, process route was optimized.
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Today the company said it is expanding its immunotherapy platform by acquiring exclusive rights to immune-modulating molecules known as FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) and CD40 ligand (CD40L), from
Boston.com Most Popular
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However, if only the ligand is photosensitive, then light can only influence the metal-ligand binding indirectly.
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Today, we're going to learn about the "Selection of a DNA aptamer for homocysteine using Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment.
DNA dance: Amazing science lesson of the day
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Flexibility and the location of ligand-binding sites close to the top of adhesion molecules may be a general feature of their organization.
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Alkaline earth metal ions more readily bind ‘hard’ ligands such as phosphates, carboxylates, and hydroxyl groups.
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RANKL, also known as osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF), tumor necrosis factor - related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE) and osteoprotegerin ligand, is a member of the TNF ligand family (106) produced in osteoblastic lineage cells and activated T cells
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Process for the preparation of an olefin polymer using metallocenes having specifically substituted indenyl ligands
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Methods The supporter paper fiber was activated with epoxy chloropropane etc. Accordiag to the influence of spacer and different ligand on absorption of kinase, process route was optimized.
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Collectively, they are called tetraamido macrocyclic ligands or TAML for short.
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The open time constants are invariant to ligand concentrations, suggesting that ligand binds exclusively to the closed channel.
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The photolysis of diatomic ligands from heme iron has been used to study ligand rebinding kinetics and protein relaxation processes in a number of heme proteins.
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Their implications for catalytic function and ligand interaction are discussed.
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By adding and subtracting methyl groups, the two enzymes can adjust receptor sensitivity to mitigate the effect of ligand binding.
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Wada A, Igarashi Y (2002) N-glycans of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor Edg-1 regulate ligand-induced receptor internalization.
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It remains to be seen if the surface of the micelle can be used to target macromolecules or ligands of interest, in order to penetrate cells and pinpoint their constituents.
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Confirmation of this adaptation of the V-domain interface in cell-adhesion interactions now awaits direct structural data for the ligand or the complex.
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Particle electrophoretic mobility (PEM) changes are shown to correlate well with the amount of ligand fixed on the particles, as probed by its biological activity.
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It turns out that a single molybdenum center within a properly designed protective ligand is sufficient.
Richard R. Schrock - Autobiography
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Direct sensing mechanisms might involve proteins or ligands that bind or react with oxygen.
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Many unbound ligands exhibit an equilibrium mixture of several conformers, thus prohibiting a structural analysis by crystallographic methods.
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1960 I returned to investigations in coordination chemistry, and decided to study the effects of bi - and multidentate phenolic ligands on the catalytic properties of the vanadyl group, VO.
Charles J. Pedersen - Autobiography
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The amount of ligand that has been released by the autocrine cell in response to the activation is insufficient in this case to sustain signaling.
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The complex was allowed to dissociate for 500 s, then residually bound ligand was removed using a pulse of acidic glycine.
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We measured the effect of cytochalasin D mobilization of integrins on adhesion of a leukocyte cell line to both cultured endothelium and purified ligand substrates.
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Ligand is seeking another collaboration to develop diabetes drugs.
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We describe an experimental approach for studying ligand-receptor interactions in the plane of the membrane.
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As for the carbon monoxide complex, our main interest was to characterize the dynamic motion of the 02 and imidazole axial ligands.
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His study elucidated the effects of ligand structure and electronics on catalytic activity.
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Note that superscripts represent ligand sites (if known) and subscripts refer to processes.
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Moreover, for a number of cell types and extracellular matrix molecules, cell speed exhibits a biphasic behavior with respect to surface ligand density.
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Skeleton Crew osteoclast The drugs target a protein called RANK Ligand, which helps regulate cells called osteoclasts that break down bone.
Week in Words
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Compounds that attach to metal ions by sharing their electrons are known as ligands.
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SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) is a method to generate DNA … which are then eluted from the target molecule and amplified by PCR. … (both of which are used in Macugen, an FDA-approved aptamer), … The development of aptamer probes for molecular signatures on the cancer cell …
"War of the Weasels" article in new Skeptical Inquirer - The Panda's Thumb
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Janes and colleagues altered the cells to express or make the cancer-killing protein called TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand or TRAIL.
Genetically Engineered Stem Cells Target Cancer Cells | Impact Lab
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In metallic clusters, the metal atoms are either directly bonded through metal-metal interactions or are bridged by appropriate ligands.
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Loss of GlcNAcT-IVa, or the addition of glycan-ligand mimetics, attenuates Glut-2 cell-surface half-life, provoking endocytosis with redistribution into endosomes and lysosomes.
“I have vision, and the rest of the world wears bifocals.”* | The Blog of Michael R. Eades, M.D.
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Conventional modeling of the amino acid side chains was used, that is, the zinc ligands aspartate, cysteinate, and histidine were modeled by acetate, methylthiolate, and imidazole, respectively.
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Flexibility and the location of ligand-binding sites close to the top of adhesion molecules may be a general feature of their organization.
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Among the system properties governing the transition from nonpolarity to polarity a prominent parameter is the rate of autocrine ligand release.
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The largest contributions to the ligand-receptor energy are provided by aspartates and glutamates in the selectivity filter and carboxyl residues in the outer ring.
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The largest contributions to the ligand-receptor energy are provided by aspartates and glutamates in the selectivity filter and carboxyl residues in the outer ring.
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Ligand-competitive binding of antibodies was measured by Notch1 extracellular domain (ECD) displacement in a dissociation-enhanced time resolved fluorometric assay (DELFIA).
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Flow cytometry provides the means to detect and sort the cells carrying labeled ligand-bound protein.
The Scientist
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The bonding between the ligand and the metal ion is intermediate between covalent and electrostatic.
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When you picture a ligand ‘biting’ the metal ion from two sides, you can picture the pincers of a crab.
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However, the competing protein ligand results in a much lower affinity, on the order of magnitude of 1 torr.
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In the last few years, the tripodal ligands bearing nitrogen atoms have drown much attention because of their polydentate, flexility and ease to synthesize.
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Indeed, ion channels, whether gated by ligand, voltage, or force, all possess specialized molecular sensors for detection of their stimuli.
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By the mid 1980's we had developed what I call well-defined catalysts for both the olefin and acetylene metathesis reactions that contained sterically protecting imido and/or alkoxide ligands.
Richard R. Schrock - Autobiography
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Furthermore, the molecular arrangement of the three citrate ligands allows the possible introduction of other catalytic metal centres.
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Iron is mostly complexed with the organic ligands or colloids that are very abundant in natural seawater.
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Demange L, Bergé G, Gagne D, Ryan J, et al. (2007) Toward potent ghrelin receptor ligands based on trisubstituted 1,2,4-triazole structure.
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(A ligand is a molecule that binds to the receptor to form a biologically active complex.) "In bad times, the ligand is not made and the nuclear receptor (DAF-12) causes the animals to go into the long lived dauer stage, shutting down the microRNAs and the developmental clock," he said.
Baylor College of Medicine News
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Ligand 3 b gave higher enantioselectivity ( up to 96 % ee ) and chemical yield.
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Mice homozygous for the hypomorphic Notch1 [12f] allele, which removes the single O-fucose glycan in epidermal growth factor-like repeat 12 (EGF12) of the Notch1 ligand binding domain (lbd), exhibit reduced growth after weaning and defective T cell development.
BioMed Central - Latest articles
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He introduced the system of 'Stock notation' in 1919 for naming inorganic compounds containing elements with variable valencies (for example copper (I) sulphate and copper (II) sulphate) and introduced the word 'ligand' in transition metal chemistry.
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Since both domains of riboflavin synthase can bind ligand molecules, one would expect to observe separate sets of signals for ligands bound to each respective domain.
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In order to obtain stable brush plating solution and good galvanization performance, various ligands are added.
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Beacause the ability to assemble nanoparticles by RS-ligand is moderate, we can expect that it's feasible to disassemble the Self-assembly of nanoparticles as regimental after thioether added.
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SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) is a method to generate DNA … which are then eluted from the target molecule and amplified by PCR. … (both of which are used in Macugen, an FDA-approved aptamer), … The development of aptamer probes for molecular signatures on the cancer cell …
"War of the Weasels" article in new Skeptical Inquirer - The Panda's Thumb
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Reporter enzymes can also be labeled with nonprotein ligands.
The Scientist
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By the mid 1980's we had developed what I call well-defined catalysts for both the olefin and acetylene metathesis reactions that contained sterically protecting imido and/or alkoxide ligands.
Richard R. Schrock - Autobiography
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These differences help explain why these homologous proteins bind a variety of ligands with different affinities.
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The metal simultaneously binds the chiral ligand, the hyperperoxide and the substrate, after which the chiral epoxidation takes place.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001 - Information for the Public
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This reaction utilised the transition metal titanium (Ti) and chiral ligands and gave high enantiomeric excess.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001 - Information for the Public
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We show that the murine GlcNAcT-IVa glycosyltransferase is required for Glut-2 residency on the β cell surface by constructing a cell-type- and glycoprotein-specific N-glycan ligand for pancreatic lectin receptors.
“I have vision, and the rest of the world wears bifocals.”* | The Blog of Michael R. Eades, M.D.
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Further, they have developed methods to bind such catalytic ligands to semi-solid supports which provide an appropriate reaction environment for rapid destruction of perchlorates by titanous species.
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First, modest changes in the binding energy on receptor clustering significantly increase receptor binding on clustered ligand surfaces relative to random unimolecular ligand distributions.
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To identify proteins that specifically interact with PPM, we tested the interaction of cell extracts with labelled phospholipid-containing PPM or IPM in a ligand blotting assay.
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The results corroborate the role of these proteins in pheromone transport and elaborate the structural basis of ligand binding.
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Moreover, based on these considerations, we suggest that ligands with dihydroxyphenyl (or 1,2 benzoquinone) groups could be selected for further non-covalent binding assays.
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Steric clashes between the ligand and protein atoms were alleviated with several minimization cycles in vacuum.
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The thermal motion of imidazole axial ligands has also been investigated by electron paramagnetic and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra in proteins and synthetic models in homogeneous solution.
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The cultures were pretreated with each GAG lyase before using them in radioligand binding assays.
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From these measurements we calculated all of the equilibrium constants of the "allosteric" cycle as follows: diliganded gating, unliganded gating, dissociation from the C (losed) conformation, and dissociation from the O (pen) conformation.
Journal of Biological Chemistry current issue
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These proteins fulfill their function as long as they bind their dissociable ligand, the peptide.
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Although these particular ligands do not affect the enzyme's activity, the researchers plan to modify the ligands so they can inhibit phenazine biosynthesis, which is associated with bacterial virulence and infectious disease.
Chemical & Engineering News: Latest News
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Metal carbonyls are organometallic compounds where one or more of the metal ligands are carbon monoxide.
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These details may reflect imperfections of the force field, which is not parameterized to account for ligand to metal charge transfer and polarization effects.
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They are also biocompatible, and their surfaces can be modified to attach antibodies or other ligands that could be used to target the nanoparticles to specific tissues.
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Note that superscripts represent ligand sites (if known) and subscripts refer to processes.
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The molecules or anions attached to the central atom are called coordinating groups or ligands.
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Figure 1: Itgam-deficient mice have more production of proinflammatory cytokines when challenged with TLR ligands and are more susceptible to endotoxic shock.
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Figure 6A-B), but at a higher resolution it was possible to clearly identify that the process of 'fibril' developing into a mature fibril assembly had been affected by the ligand, when compared to α-syn alone (
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This first-in-class monoclonal antibody targets RANK ligand, which is involved in bone-degenerating osteoclasts.
PharmaTimes World News
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This observation indicates that the absorption band within which the excitation occurred is of the metal-to-ligand or the ligand-to-metal charge-transfer type.
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Areas of laboratory research interest include immune cell (T -, B -, NK-cell) signal transduction and cytoskeletal dynamics, dendritic cells and immune tolerance infectious causes of autoimmune disease and CD40-ligand transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation in SLE.
Pediatric Rheumatology Fellowship
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The diverse peptide pools generated through constitutive proteolytic mechanisms on these distinct sets of cellular substrates form an important primary source of ligands for MHC I binding.
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The decondensation is entropically driven due to the higher number of ligand binding sites in decondensed DNA in comparison with the condensed molecules.
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Lescol leucine lifestyle developing an active evaluation of ligands lignans lime-onade
Fat is Not Your Fate
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A research group in Thailand demonstrated that hepatocyte growth factor, a Met ligand, induced invasion and motility and altered E-cadherin localization in two cholangiocarcinoma cell lines, without having any significant effects on levels of two secreted matrix metalloproteinases.
PhysOrg.com - latest science and technology news stories
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The results corroborate the role of these proteins in pheromone transport and elaborate the structural basis of ligand binding.
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Only one cell of the cluster finally gives rise to a neuroblast because of lateral inhibition, involving the Notch receptor protein and its ligand Delta, which prevents other cells developing as neuroblasts.
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Receptor-ligand bonds that mediate cell adhesion are often subjected to forces that regulate their dissociation via modulating off-rates.
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In order to bind to the DXE/XRE cluster, the AhR must first be ligand-activated, which can be achieved by employing specific synthetic chemicals such as indole-3-carbinole (I3C).
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The serotonin type 3 receptor is a member of a superfamily of ligand gated ion channels.
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The Competitive Intelligence Report c-MET/HGF Inhibitors as of February 2010 provides a competitor analysis in the development pipeline of novel emerging inhibitors of c-MET receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor
The Earth Times Online Newspaper
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After ligand binding, the subsequent interactions take place in the plane of the membrane.
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I discovered turned out to be quite useful for asymmetric hydrogenation, at least those that contained the appropriate enantiomerically pure phosphine ligand.
Richard R. Schrock - Autobiography
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Recently it has been suggested that several different regions of titin might play a role in the sensing of stretch in muscle by binding various ligands.
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Flexibility and the location of ligand-binding sites close to the top of adhesion molecules may be a general feature of their organization.
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Greater problems arise from the hardener component of the resins, typically polyamine or anhydrides, which can displace ligands from TL materials based on metal complexes.
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The Pearson theory of hard and soft ligands and metals was new and fashionable at the time, so Prof. Kline wanted me to find out if thiocyanate could simultaneously bind with its "soft" sulfur to a soft metal and its "hard" nitrogen to a hard metal, e.g. PhHg – SCN – Cr (III).
Roger Y. Tsien - Autobiography
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Inside the human body, there are mu, Kappa, and delta opiate receptors, to which the enkephalins and endorphins bind as ligands.
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Once all contacts are established and the ligand is protonated, the interaction is quite strong and the dissociation reaction is much slower than with similar amidine compounds.
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Click to see a dance routine to “Selection of a DNA aptamer for homocysteine using systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment.”
Pie shakes, car-free days: D.C. area blogs
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The second type of residue involved in ligand binding are aromatic residues.
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Interestingly, protein loops are often involved in protein activities, including ligand binding and catalysis.
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The ligand may be either positively or negatively charged, or may be a molecule of water or ammonia.
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The hypothesis that psychotomimetics induce a rapid dopamine receptor regulation that could participate in the expression of the brain dopaminergic overactivation and in the early signs of psychotic-like behaviour, was checked by radioligand binding on rat brain cryosections.
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At least in the solid state, these latter are bound to the lutetium center as axial ligands.
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Interestingly, the monomolecular two-state model considered for DNA condensation resembles the models for ligand-induced protein conformational transition.
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Among the system properties governing the transition from nonpolarity to polarity a prominent parameter is the rate of autocrine ligand release.
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The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel found in the neuromuscular junction of vertebrates and the electrocytes of electric fish.
