How To Use Intracellular In A Sentence
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The second module, which we call the adaptation module, is known to maintain the intracellular signal at
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The effects of the structures of the compounds on the insect glutamate potentials were investigated by using electrophysiological intracellular microelectrode recording technique.
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This laboratory is equipped with a new intravital microscope system and is interested in the role of intracellular signaling molecules in leukocyte recruitment.
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In in vitro preparations of partially purified enzymes, the functional distinction between intracellular and extracellular calcium is lost.
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Damaged endothelial cells secrete p-selectin, e-selectin, intracellular adhesion molecules and vascular cell adhesion molecules that induce monocytes to marginate, roll, and adhere to endothelial surfaces.
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Modulation of intracellular calcium also affects organelle position and motility.
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Measurement of intracellular daunomycin ( DNR ) and membrane glycoprotein ( P - gp ), by flow cytometry.
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A drop in the intracellular concentration of glutamine provides a signal for the activation of transcription of nitrogen-regulated genes.
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Rhococcus equi, a gram-positive bacterium, is a facultative intracellular coccobacillus that causes bronchopneumonia in foals aged 1 to 6 months.
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The bacteria that grew in severely P-depleted and As-enriched conditions were identified as members of a halophile salt-loving family already known to accumulate intracellular As.
Athena Andreadis, Ph.D.: Arsenic and Odd Lace
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If a pressor agent must be used, a direct-acting alpha-adrenergic agonist such as norepinephrine is preferable because it acts without releasing intracellular amines.
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The size, shape, and compartmentalization of these specialized cells must be generated and supported by the cytoskeletal systems of intracellular transport.
Another predictable argument against front-loading
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As indicated previously, intracellular calcium is usually an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, but this is not invariably the case.
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The human stage amastigote is an obligate intracellular parasite, spherical, 2 to 5 g in diameter, and displays a nucleus and kinetoplast.
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In in vitro preparations of partially purified enzymes, the functional distinction between intracellular and extracellular calcium is lost.
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In intact cells the probe was trapped both inside intracellular organelles and the cytoplasm.
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Subsequently, when zeolite is chemically dissolved in a simple water solution, or when taken as a straight mineral supplement in capsule form, its therapeutic effect (i.e. benefit to you) is not as strong or beneficial as it is when combined with an all natural, organic, bio-active intracellular carrier such as humic, fulvic, or processed humates.
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FDA can pass through the cell membrane whereupon intracellular esterases cleave off the diacetate group.
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It is caused by the bacterium Lawsonia intracellularis, and is more accurately described as regional enteritis or proliferative ileitis .
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The temperature of platelet intracellular ice crystal formation (IIF) is one of the most important physical parameters to instruct platelet cryopreservation.
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We collaborated with my good friend William Sleator of the Physiology Department in the study of changes in cellular action potentials (measured with intracellular microelectrodes) associated with the changes in contractility of the guinea pig atrium in response to epinephrine and acetylcholine, and a number of other inotropic agents.
Robert F. Furchgott - Autobiography
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The virus increases the risk of cancer by interfering with two vital intracellular processes: reproduction and repair.
Times, Sunday Times
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The residues crucial for transport and pathogenicity are nucleated in two groups: one around the central channel, and the other on the long intracellular loop.
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Fluid inside your cells is called intracellular fluid and the fluid outside your cells is called extracellular fluid.
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1992 – Acousto-conformational transitions in cytoskeletal microtubules: Implications for intracellular information processing
Behe vs. Dawkins
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Recently the intracellular protein BAT3, which is involved in DNA damage induced apoptosis, was identified as a ligand for NKp30.
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intracellular fluid
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One was obviously to further dissect the tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) ATP-dependent proteolytic pathway: Avram started his own trip into the world of intracellular proteolysis with Gordon and discovered that the degradation of the gluconeogenetic enzyme TAT in cells requires energy.
Aaron Ciechanover - Autobiography
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Calcium ions as mediators of intracellular signalling are crucial for development of apoptosis.
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All cholesterol assays measure the total cell cholesterol, so it is not possible to distinguish between plasma membrane cholesterol and intracellular cholesterol.
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Fluid inside your cells is called intracellular fluid and the fluid outside your cells is called extracellular fluid.
The Most Complete Food Counter, 2nd Edition
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Among them, one of the most studied is the anaplerotic utilisation of intracellular carbon sources through the glyoxylate shunt enzyme ICL icl gene after M. tuberculosis infection of macrophages and dendritic cells
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Similarly, all genera have some sort of anterior conoid like structure associated with predation or intracellular insertion in the Apicomplexa.
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Status of various immune cells and intracellular secretion of cytokines were assessed by flow cytometry.
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There is indeed direct evidence that mechanical stress can generate intracellular signals that regulate gene expression.
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It may be difficult to rule out hypomagnesemia as the cause of or a contributor to hypocalcemia because the serum magnesium level may be normal, even when intracellular magnesium stores are reduced.
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Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that were thought to be an ancient eukaryotic lineage based on molecular phylogenies using ribosomal RNA and translation elongation factors.
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Blood obtained from a skin puncture is a mixture of arterioles, venules and capillaries and contains interstitial and intracellular fluids.
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It is advisable to use a direct-acting alpha-adrenergic agonist, such as norepinephrine, because their actions are not dependent upon the release of intracellular amines, the metabolism and availability of which are altered by MAO-I's.
Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors
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Exactly how receptor auto-phosphorylation alters receptor affinity is not yet known, although both linkage and cooperativity require the presence of the intracellular juxtamembrane domain as deletion of this region eliminates both binding phenomena.
Journal of Biological Chemistry current issue
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Mycobacterium intracellulare, a species of the Mycobacterium avium complex, may be the cause of severe lung, lymphatic node, skin and bone/joint infections, as well as bacteriemia.
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The progenitor cell loses its nucleus, and most of its intracellular membranes are degraded; the now non-nucleated form of the cell, termed a reticulocyte, then loses its ribosomes, thus preventing any further synthesis of haemoglobin.
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A systems analysis by Bayesian networks further showed that the number, size, concentration of cargo and intracellular position of endosomes are not determined randomly but are subject to specific regulation, thus uncovering novel properties of the endocytic system.
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He worked on production of Adenosine tri phosphate (ATP), the multifunctional nucleotide involved in intracellular energy transfer, from Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) which plays key role as a carrier of electron and participate in redox reaction.
Prof. Arthur Kornberg, Nobel laureate, died on Sunday, October 26, 2007
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The key to making the discovery was the development of new techniques that allow monosynaptic connections between pairs of cells to be examined with dual intracellular recordings.
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We also detected increases in fragments of intracellular structural proteins: tubulin, actin, and myosin.
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DNA and the intracellular machinery share engineering techniques employed by intelligent entities, therefore until demonstrated otherwise, they should be considered to be intelligently designed.
Attached to Strings
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Correction: An earlier version of this article incorrectly referred to autophagy as intercellular housecleaning; it should have been intracellular housecleaning.
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High levels of intracellular calcium allow calmodulin to activate the myosin light chain kinase that facilitates muscle contraction.
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If the smear shows Gram negative intracellular diplococci, the patient is treated for gonorrhoea and chlamydia to cover the possibility of a mixed infection.
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It should be possible to test this by observing chromosome behavior in the spindles of dividing animal cells while artificially raising the concentration of intracellular calcium during prometaphase or blocking its rise at the beginning of anaphase.
ID-friendly journal paper makes testable predictions
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The first module, which we call the receptor module, detects changes in environmental conditions to generate an intracellular signal.
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This absence of effects is in line with the data from Fig.2, and confirmed that the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Cl were truly equilibrated.
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Such infections would include viral and intracellular bacterial infections.
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Some antibiotics, such as azithromycin and clarithromycin, concentrate intracellularly, not in middle ear fluid, and are bacteriostatic, not bactericidal.
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There is indeed direct evidence that mechanical stress can generate intracellular signals that regulate gene expression.
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The team began building their test-tube immune system by adding RIG-I, the intracellular fluid known as cytosol, and the power-producing organelles called mitochondria.
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Initial therapy of patients with large tumor masses has been complicated by large releases of intracellular potassium with resultant refractory hyperkalemia.
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We showed that the positive inotropic effects of norepinephrine and strophanthin-K were correlated with an increase in rate of exchange of calcium in an intracellular pool associated with the contractile process and that the negative inotropic effects of acetylcholine and adenosine were correlated with a decrease in rate of exchange in that pool.
Robert F. Furchgott - Autobiography
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It is through its regulation of intracellular calcium that InsP 3 functions to regulate so many cellular processes.
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This suggests that platelets must possess very sophisticated intracellular control mechanisms.
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CMV pneumonitis was defined purely on a histologic basis by the presence of typical cytomegalic cells with characteristic intracellular inclusions or positive immunolabeling with a CMV-specific antibody.
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Taken together, our analysis provides strong evidence for a reductive mode of evolution in obligate intracellular parasites with high rates of DNA loss.
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Anabolic agents also improve intracellular reutilization of amino acids so that nitrogen is retained in the body rather than excreted.
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If your main interest is clinical an explanation of intracellular recordings and autoradiography will be welcome, and presumably scientists will have a similar view about the clinical sections.
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For intracellular measurements the probe is commonly a glass micropipette that has been back-filled with a salt-solution and has a tip diameter suitable for insertion into a plant cell.
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It is through its regulation of intracellular calcium that InsP 3 functions to regulate so many cellular processes.
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Among them, one of the most studied is the anaplerotic utilisation of intracellular carbon sources through the glyoxylate shunt enzyme ICL icl gene after M. tuberculosis infection of macrophages and dendritic cells
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During catabolic stress intracellular glutamine levels can drop more than 50 percent, and it is under these circumstances that supplemental glutamine becomes necessary.
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Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and is second only to potassium in intracellular concentration.
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The additional membrane is provided by intracellular vesicles, which fuse with the plasma membrane.
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These results suggest that the spasmolytic and vasodilator effects of Mc. Cr root extract are mediated possibly through blockade of voltage-dependent calcium channels and release of intracellular calcium, which may explain the medicinal use of Morinda citrifolia in diarrhea and hypertension.
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Proteasomes are large complexes of enzymes that break down intracellular proteins, recognizing them by their ubiquitin molecular tags.
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Paul M, Durand R, Boulard Y, Fusai T, Fernandez C, et al. (1998) Physicochemical characteristics of pentamidine-loaded polymethacrylate nanoparticles: implication in the intracellular drug release in Leishmania major infected mice.
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Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and is second only to potassium in intracellular concentration.
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Histological examination Day 3: The biopsies showed moderate to severe inter and intracellular oedema.
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As the technology advances, it may prove to be a key factor in unlocking the molecular-level secrets of intracellular dynamics, said Davidson, who directs the magnet lab’s Optical Microscopy Group.
Revolutionary Microscope Developed | Impact Lab
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The helices have a radial slope and converge at the intracellular bundle narrowing.
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Gas vesicles are gas-filled intracellular structures that provide buoyancy in many unicellular aquatic organisms.
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The intracellular expression of TLR3 and type I IFN inducible myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) protein as well as the level of apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry.
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The way in which rickettsiae use the KAP NTPases in the intracellular host cell environments has not yet been investigated but several members of this family, namely the AAA+ ATPases were described to promote virulence of other bacterial pathogens
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73, 279-285 (1976) [31] Risteli, J.; Tuderman, L.; Kivirikko, K.I.: Intracellular enzymes of collagen biosynthesis in rat liver as a function of age and in hepatic injury induced by dimethylnitrosamine.
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These intracellular stages include an asynchronous mixture of both first- and second-generation meronts and merozoites, as well as some gametocytes and gametes.
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These toxins can remain inside algal cells (intracellular toxins), or they may be released into the surrounding water (extracellular toxins) during active algal growth or when algal cells lyse.
Inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems~ causes and consequences
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In a Swedish fjord sediment where G. pseudospinescens is the dominant foraminifer, the intracellular nitrate pool in this species accounted for 20% of the large, cell-bound, nitrate pool present in an oxygen-free zone.
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One was obviously to further dissect the tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) ATP-dependent proteolytic pathway: Avram started his own trip into the world of intracellular proteolysis with Gordon and discovered that the degradation of the gluconeogenetic enzyme TAT in cells requires energy.
Aaron Ciechanover - Autobiography
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As the channel opens upon a depolarization, the trapped ion can escape to the intracellular medium increasing the stability of the bound toxin.
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As for the intracellular end, interestingly, the horn-shaped pathway incurvates so that its exit is located almost to the side of the protein.
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Indeed, recent evidence indicates that endocannabinoids influence the intracellular events controlling the proliferation of numerous types of endocrine and related cancer cells, thereby leading to both in vitro and in vivo antitumour effects.
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Intracellular accumulation of such large amount of Cr may disturb the normal functioning of the bacterial cell.
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For this reason, viruses are called obligate intracellular parasites.
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Fully conscious of the insuperable difficulties of explaining at present the innermost mechanism by which this inertness was overcome, Warburg decided to investigate the nature of the mysterious substance that acts as the primus motor in intracellular combustion.
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It has been suggested that sequestration of bile acids by intracellular bile acid binding proteins may also protect cells from bile acid cytotoxicity.
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Functions encoded by the operon appear to be essential for the phagosomal escape and intracellular growth, since disruptions or deletions of FPI encoded genes of the low virulent strains
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Digital image processing of intracellular pH in gastric oxyntic and chief cells," Nature 325, 447 – 450 (1987).
Roger Y. Tsien - Autobiography
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After invasion, at 48 hours postinfection, we observed a reduction in the numbers of ysaV transcripts, coincident with the establishment of the intracellular stage of infection.
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In poliovirus infection, both intracellular movement and release of virus appear to be related to cytoskeletal changes, particularly involving actin microfilaments.
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Elements that had been located within the protoplasts (intracellular fraction) were solubilized by digestion with concentrated nitric acid.
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Digital image processing of intracellular pH in gastric oxyntic and chief cells," Nature 325, 447 – 450 (1987).
Roger Y. Tsien - Autobiography
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Spiller DG, Giles RV, Grzybowski J, Tidd DM, Clark RE (1998) Improving the intracellular delivery and molecular efficacy of antisense oligonucleotides in chronic myeloid leukemia cells: a comparison of streptolysin-O permeabilization, electroporation, and lipophilic conjugation.
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Proteins may bind to intracellular scaffolds to optimize signal transduction.
The Scientist
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Proteasomes are large complexes of enzymes that break down intracellular proteins, recognizing them by their ubiquitin molecular tags.
The Scientist
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To prevent intracellular havoc, the fusion of membranes within cells must be highly regulated.
The Scientist
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Instead, water distribution will be determined by the relative allocation of solute to the extracellular and intracellular spaces.
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The bacteria that grew in severely P-depleted and As-enriched conditions were identified as members of a halophile salt-loving family already known to accumulate intracellular As. When deprived of P, they grew slowly and looked bloated because they were full of vacuoles, cellular organelles that manage waste and grow larger and more numerous when cells are under stress.
Athena Andreadis, Ph.D.: Arsenic and Odd Lace
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Validation studies suggest the technology, called intracellular drug delivery (IDD) discovery platform, can successfully predict membrane penetration.
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The importance of the nucleosome in gene regulation is supported by the finding that mutations that alter intracellular levels of histones lead to transcriptional derepression of a variety of genes.
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Babraham Institute in Cambridge UK to spend a sabbatical year, learning from Bill Mason the then new technique of intracellular recording from supraoptic neurones in the hypothalamic slice preparation.
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[13] and Hspa4l / Osp94 [14], and enzymes and transporters that increase the intracellular concentration of compatible osmolytes, such as aldose reductase (AR), the Na
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Weakened resistance to infection is caused by decreased antibody and complement production, leukocyte phagocytosis and intracellular killing, and macrophage phagocytosis.
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Chlamydia pneumoniae is an obligate intracellular organism capable of persistent latent infection.
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Most sporozoans are intracellular parasites or at least part of their life-cycle takes place inside a host cell.
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We developed a method for simultaneous measurement of average extra- and intracellular oxygen concentrations, which also does not require the presence of phagosomes and therefore can be used in any cell line.
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Organelle - cell fluorescence intensity ratio analysis was adopted to study the intracellular distribution of HMME.
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A common attribute of many of these single-stranded RNA viruses is the creation of a short-lived replicative intermediate, double-stranded RNA during the process of intracellular replication.
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This current reflects the summed contribution of all transmembrane ionic currents as well as electrogenic transport and other secondary transport processes in intracellular compartments.
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The intracellular concentration of 2,3 DPG , ATP and SOD of erythrocyte were measured.
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In RBCs, we hypothesized, different amounts of intracellular metHb would result in different degrees of cell paramagnetism, relative to that of water, and would affect the observed MM.
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Chlamydia are obligate intracellular parasites that are present in 2 forms.
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Intracellular acidosis, by virtue of anaerobic metabolism of glucose, hydrolysis of high-energy phosphates, and lipolysis, is accompanied by elevations of the partial pressure of venous and tissue carbon dioxide.
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A rise in intracellular calcium at the onset of anaphase could regulate the polar ejection force by shutting down the centriolar turbines, but defective regulation could result in an excessive force that contributes to the chromosomal instability characteristic of most cancer cells.
Revisiting Rivista - The Panda's Thumb
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Status of various immune cells and intracellular secretion of cytokines were assessed by flow cytometry.
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It is advisable to use a direct-acting alpha-adrenergic agonist, such as norepinephrine, because their actions are not dependent upon the release of intracellular amines, the metabolism and availability of which are altered by MAO-I's.
Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors
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Increased fat intake and intracellular triglycerides may cause insulin resistance and hamper muscle glycogen resynthesis.
Fisking Repovich and Peterson | The Blog of Michael R. Eades, M.D.
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Early-activated genes in our system also include negative intracellular regulators of TGFβ signalling, such as inhibitory Smad7
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Soon, scientists hope to use the chips as intracellular sensors that can study cell activity, target drug delivery and detect diseases at much earlier stages.
Silicon Chips Embedded in Human Cells Could Detect Diseases Earlier | Inhabitat
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All these processes are regulated by a complex intercellular communication regulating intracellular signal transduction and gene expression leading to an orchestrated re-epithelization of the skin as a whole.
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Lysosomes are intracellular organelles that specialize in breaking down cellular waste.
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The mechanism responsible for secretion or intracellular retention of pre-S peptides in chronic hepatitis B virus infection is uncertain.
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There is indeed direct evidence that mechanical stress can generate intracellular signals that regulate gene expression.
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It is a prodrug that is converted intracellularly to various metabolites that bind to the enzyme thymidylate synthase, inhibiting synthesis of thymidine, DNA, and RNA.
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NFAT5 regulates the adaptation of mammalian cells to hypertonic stress by inducing the expression of osmoprotective gene products that include chaperones and a number of enzymes and transporters, such as aldose reductase (AR), whose collective function is to increase the intracellular concentration of compatible organic osmolytes that allow cells to adapt and survive in a hypertonic environment
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Instead, water distribution will be determined by the relative allocation of solute to the extracellular and intracellular spaces.
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< 1, 3 > [2, 3] S Additional information (molecular mechanism of intracellular degradation of type I collagen in normal corneal endothelial cells, role of the enzyme and protein-disulfide isomerase, which is the b subunit of the enzyme, during procollagen I biosynthesis [72]) [72] P?
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EC coupling occurs at specialized regions where the intracellular sarcoplasmic reticulum forms junctions with the sarcolemma or, more frequently, with tubular invaginations of the sarcolemma known as transverse tubules.
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Some membrane fatty acids can be mobilized as autacoids (released to affect other cells) and as intracellular messengers.
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Cholesterol esterase was omitted from the assay to exclude intracellular cholesterol esters.
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An association between mitochondria and intracellular symbionts has already been documented for other symbiotic bacteria that manipulate host reproduction.
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A model is presented to relate intracellular lifetime to true membrane diffusional permeability.
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Localization studies show the protein to be intracellular in COS cells and in the inner segment and synapse of photoreceptors.
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In laboratory studies using human airway smooth muscle cells, they found that combined treatment with estradiol and the beta-agonist, isoproterenol (which non-selectively activates both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors), had a synergistic effect on decreasing intracellular calcium and force more than either estradiol or isoproterenol alone.
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Glutathione is an important constituent of intracellular protective mechanisms against a number of noxious stimuli including oxidative stress.
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On the basis of medical bibliography, the researchers realized that tissue melanization is constrained in the presence of high enough levels of a key intracellular antioxidant named glutathione, which is considered one of the most powerful antioxidants present in virtually all animal cells.
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The diagnosis is made by the observation of intracellular asexual forms of the parasite on thick and thin blood smears.
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Rapid changes of intracellular free calcium concentration: detection by metallochromic indicator dyes in squid giant axon," Biophys.
Roger Y. Tsien - Autobiography
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Effects of stimulation of the GABA receptor produces increased conductance of chloride ions intracellularly via the chloride channel thereby shunting electrical currents that would otherwise depolarize the membrane.
Flumanazil
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There is indeed direct evidence that mechanical stress can generate intracellular signals that regulate gene expression.
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Methods: Combination of the intracellular injection and electron microscope techniques were used.
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Conversely, potassium and phosphate are the principal intracellular cations and anions, respectively.
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The mechanism responsible for secretion or intracellular retention of pre-S peptides in chronic hepatitis B virus infection is uncertain.
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Despite initial immunological or pharmacological control, remote relapses of intracellular leishmanial infections are well recognised.
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Highly structured water molecules occur in the monolayer adjacent to hydrophobic domains of intracellular solutes.
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Positive feedback in the form of increased intracellular hydrostatic pressure drives the system to new states with transient increases in subharmonic signal frequencies.
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The researchers then cultured sensory nerve cells and measured the level of intracellular calcium, as a measure of nerve cell excitation.
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At that time his group focused mostly on studying intracellular proteolysis, and I learnt from him that he had given up on trying to identify the mediator (s) and mechanism (s) involved in serum-induced "pleiotropic response".
Aaron Ciechanover - Autobiography
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The technique gives substantially better intracellular detail than other nonlabeling methods and helps to preserve egg viability.
The Scientist
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It should be possible to test this by observing chromosome behavior in the spindles of dividing animal cells while artificially raising the concentration of intracellular calcium during prometaphase or blocking its rise at the beginning of anaphase.
ID-friendly journal paper makes testable predictions
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As illustrated in our immunohistochemical analysis and described previously, there is a large intracellular population of nicotinic subunits
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During the first week or so of lithium treatment, there is a sodium diuresis, with polyuria, as lithium replaces a portion of intracellular sodium.
The Neuropsychiatric Guide to Modern Everyday Psychiatry
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Action potentials almost always generate large increases in intracellular calcium to exert any biological effect such as the release of neurotransmitters to excite or inhibit the next neuron in the pathway.
Roger Y. Tsien - Autobiography
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A strain of large, free-living amoeba that became dependent on bacterial endosymbionts which had infected the amoebae initially as intracellular parasites, was studied by micrurgy and electron microscopy.
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The close association of actin bundles with the intracellular virions suggests that nucleation and filamentation of actin may be virus induced.
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Time after time, if this is also the osmolarity, intracellular boiling is digested during the other visitors of aminoglycoside and impaired as essential also human.
Wii-volution
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Microsporidia are a monophyletic assemblage of obligate intracellular parasites that generally infect animals (particularly arthropods and fish).
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Cells can also be labelled by intracellular injection of fluorescent dyes or reporter enzymes.
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Plasma membrane blebs and cytoskeletal disruptions occur in association with intercellular and intracellular gaps exposing basement membrane.
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In general, the innermost layer of the seed coat of legumes consists of irregularly shaped cells with large intracellular spaces.
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The body uses free radical molecules for intracellular and intercellular signalling.
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In general, the innermost layer of the seed coat of legumes consists of irregularly shaped cells with large intracellular spaces.
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We currently have an opportunity for a cellular immunologist preferably with 4 to 6 years industrial/biotech experience and who is able to perform immunological assays (flow cytometry such as intracellular cytokine staining, assays,, ELISPOT, cytotoxicity assays, Th1/Th2 cytokine response assays, cell culture etc).
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14 Chiang et al, "In vitro antiviral activities of Caesalpinia pulcherrima and its related flavonoids," Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 52: 194-198 (2003) 15 Ferraresi et al, "Essential requirement of reduced glutathione (GSH) for the anti-oxidant effect of the flavonoid quercetin," Free Radical Research 39 (11): 1249-1258 (2005) 16 Myhrstad et al, "Flavonoids increase the intracellular glutathione level by transactivation of the gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase catalytical subunit promoter," Free Radical Biology
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In general, in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, large pyramidal neurons exhibited the greatest degree of intracellular staining.
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The real problem was that inside cells, the free Mg2+ concentration is about four orders of magnitude higher than that of Ca2+, so that an intracellular Ca2+ indicator needs yet higher selectivity for Ca2+ over its sister ion Mg2+.
Roger Y. Tsien - Autobiography
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This process leads to cell lysis and the loss of intracellular contents necessary for cell survival.
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The mechanism responsible for secretion or intracellular retention of pre-S peptides in chronic hepatitis B virus infection is uncertain.
