How To Use Genotype In A Sentence

Since the asexual gametophyte does not form antheridia or archegonia, crosses to confirm its genotype could not be performed.
We showed that CmACS-7 is specifically expressed in carpel primordia, and, in andromonoecious genotypes, a missense mutation leads to loss of enzymatic activity. PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles
First, much adaptation appeared to be non-genetic and regulated by the environment, not by the inherited genotype.
Furthermore, apomictic reproduction has been found in most polyploid Corollinae species, which, if transferred to cultivated beet, has the potential to improve the fixation of desired genotypes in breeding programmes.
Our phenotype is influenced by both our genotype and our environment. The Runaway Brain: the Evolution of Human Uniqueness

We assayed in vitro survival patterns in eight tumor cell lines that vary in cellular radiosensitivity and genotype. BioMed Central - Latest articles
All genotypes were checked for Mendelian inheritance and double recombinants.
The people on your sidebar are there for a reason, partially because they like you but mainly because their DNA and yours would be likely to result in offspring with good genotypes. How Obama's meeting with Facebook's Zuckerberg should go
The genotypes were confirmed by sequencing both sense and antisense strands using forward and reverse primers in separate reactions.
Thus Dawkins, for example, used facts about inheritance, e.g. that genes are faithfully replicated across generations while whole genotypes and organismic characters are not, to privilege the gene as the unit of selection.
A quantitative model with additive effects was used to link genotypes to phenotypes.
In Cayenne, development of a solid, lignified disk of sclerenchyma across the receptacle was positively associated with ease of separation in a comparison of an easy pick and a hard pick genotypes.
Following sporulation and tetrad dissection, we determined the genotypes of the resulting haploid spores.
We excluded 16 samples with discrepancies between WTCCC information and external identifying information (such as genotypes from another experiment, blood type or incorrect disease status). ScienceBlogs Channel : Life Science
Due to strong population structure, both for indel genotypes and FT, all associations between genotype and FT were tested within populations.
The growth conditions of winter genotypes were the same as described previously.
Following an initial chimeric state (bi - or multi-partner chimeras), maturation of the allorecognition system of corals could potentially lead to the death of the entire entity or of just some of the genotypes within the genetically heterogeneous individual. PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles
This allows progeny to be genotyped as pupae, since the guts of pupae carrying a green balancer fluoresce brightly.
Four possible genotypes that were prototrophs, auxotroph of one parental type, auxotroph of the other parental type, and auxotrophic recombinants can be generated from progenies of somatic hybrids.
For the short-term lines, a plaque on IJ434 was picked, repurified by plating on IJ434, and the phage in that plaque used as a stock for fitness assays and genotype determination.
The most important factor is recombination, which is largely responsible for the virtually inexhaustible supply of new genotypes in every generation. Dembski versus Europe - The Panda's Thumb
He reasoned that this proved that the genotype was more important than the environment in determining intelligence. Educational Psychology in a Changing World
We propose that the genotype-phenotype map can evolve by two main routes: epistatic mutations, or the creation of new genes. Darwin and neutrality - The Panda's Thumb
H. pylori (especially east-Asian cytotoxin-associated gene [cagA] - positive strains) might carry an increased risk of developing gastric cancer, but currently identified cagA genotypes in the Asia-Pacific are not associated with cancer. EurekAlert! - Breaking News
This implies that it per definition cannot relate the nonadditivity between alleles in each genotype to the dominance value for RNA and protein phenotypes PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles
The hot pepper CMS 21A, sweet pepper CMS 8A and 9 different genotype fertility restoring lines were used to study the inheritance of fertility restoring genes.
It was concluded that heterozygotes were not necessarily advantageous for trait performance even among genotypes derived from such a highly heterotic hybrid.
However, a statistical genetic association may be observed when the implicated SNP is in strong linkage disequilibrium with another ungenotyped, but "causative," SNP, often one that is in close proximity to the implicated SNP. Medlogs - Recent stories
Cluster analysis as well as principal component analysis were performed for 12 quantitative characters of 30 inbred lines of rape genotypes (Brassica juncea L. ) .
Our ability to detect doubly recombinant chromosomes depends on the genotype of the homolog after fertilization.
This emphasizes that there is a general effect of inbreeding that is an indirect result of the change in genotype frequencies.
Methods The 104 patients with CVD and 98 healthy individuals were detected the AT1R genotypes polymorphisms by restriction fragment length polymorphism in order to analysis.
For this purpose we determined the genotypes of 695 offspring from F 1 intercrosses.
The 2 studies reported that individuals carrying the MTHFR 677TT variant genotype, which is associated with decreased enzyme activity, lower plasma folate levels, and elevated plasma homocysteine levels, had a statistically significant approximately 2- to 5-fold higher risk of pancreatic cancer compared with individuals with the 677CC genotype. Meat diet reduces risk of pancreatic cancer | The Blog of Michael R. Eades, M.D.
All other plants from crosses involving a resistant mutant line were genotyped.
More recently, evidence has accumulated to suggest that an intriguing consequence of a multipartite genome configuration is the somatic modulation of mitochondrial genotype.
Here we show that by considering the additivity and nonadditivity features of each genotype explicitly, regulatory biology can be linked to the basic concepts of single locus genetic theory in a straightforward way. PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles
Progeny plants were scored for pigmentation phenotype and analyzed for genotype using SSR markers.
Genotype refers to the genetic make - up of an organism or a virus.
A major scientific goal in the last decade has been to isolate genes specifically expressed in apomictic genotypes.
However, to test the broader implications of our results, simulations carried out with different dominance assumptions (i.e. SL/RH genotypes are also susceptible to scrapie and have different lamb mortality rates than SL/SL genotypes) resulted in similar long-term scrapie persistence patterns, albeit for different ranges of model parameters. PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles
Asexual populations thus maintain higher genetic diversity at each single locus but a lower number of different genotypes.
Genotype refers to the genetic constitution of the organism.
When sex determination is under zygotic control, the probability of an individual being male depends upon its genotype rather than that of its mother.
Overall, the results suggest that genotypes with the greatest capacity for nodulation perform best under both unstressed and stressed conditions.
Genotype and allele frequencies were calculated from the mean of the 100 nearest values to the mode of the posterior distribution.
We predict the relative fitnesses of hybrid genotypes by calculating the expected numbers of each type of incompatibility.
All 26 dung samples provided correct results (true genotype) before dilution and at a dilution of 1 in 5.
All analysis is based on comparison of melanic and nonmelanic forms, without reference to genotype (the melanic forms in the two geometrids are dominant).
If a hypolipidaemic drug were found to be effective in only one genetic subgroup the genotypes would be of more interest.
For growth measurements, data from stimulated and unstimulated controls did not differ and were combined for each genotype.
The difference in the slopes of the lines indicates that the genotype at one QTL influences the phenotypic effect of the other QTL.
Our phenotype is influenced by both our genotype and our environment. The Runaway Brain: the Evolution of Human Uniqueness
Most persistent HCV infections, especially those where viremia is low or viral and host genotypes are favorable, will be cured by combinations of direct acting antivirals and standard therapy.
Plot shows percentage of females produced by hybrid males of various genotypes.
This term is invariant to the change in reference genotype that allowed us to derive this equation.
A total of 116 female mice from an intercross between the strains were genotyped.
As much as possible, mutants were vegetatively propagated to prevent loss of each genotype.
We sequenced the whole genome of the proband, identified all potential functional variants in genes likely to be related to the disease, and genotyped these variants in the affected family members. Medlogs - Recent stories
This distinction between the genotype and the phenotype is crucial. The Developing Child (7th edn.)
Furthermore, studies using dominant genetic markers do not properly allow for the disentanglement between genetic variation within loci and within genotypes.
By studying the larval breeding habits of the sand flies and the genotypes and drug sensitivities of the leishmania parasites, the project aims to devise effective methods to control the disease. THE MEDICAL NEWS
However, backcrossing is a gradual procedure that, apart from being lengthy, cannot ascertain that genetic and epigenetic changes will modify the original nuclear genotype.
Inclusion of this genotype in the other treatments was not possible because of the low number of viable seed available.
The genotypes of all double mutants were confirmed by backcrosses to wild type.
This indicates that the maternal Odsm1 genotype itself, rather than the genotype of the offspring, controls the sex determination.
The genotypes of the inviable spores were inferred by the segregation pattern of the viable spores, when possible.
Plasticity is the property of a given genotype to produce different phenotypes depending on the environment.
A resulting triple-heterozygous resistant-susceptible plant, i.e., a heterozygous plant at the three resistance loci, was isolated and selfed to produce the 27 expected genotypes described in Table 1.
Androgen treatment of adult female tree lizards has also revealed potential genotypes underlying dewlap color in this species.
Here we report the screening of C. arietinum genotypes for nodulation and grain-yielding ability in a sodic field over two growing seasons in order to identify genotypes with superior nodulation ability under stress.
Knowledge of the closest extant relatives of the genotypes involved in the initial formation of B. napus would also allow further investigation of the genetic factors required for the formation of a stable amphiploid and permit the more efficient creation of fully fertile re-synthesised B. napus. BioMed Central - Latest articles
Currently fewer than half of patients with genotype 1 hepatitis C are treated effectively by the standard combination of two drugs, peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin, which is typically given for 48 weeks. WebWire | Recent Headlines
Recruitment curves for beetle populations on each soybean genotype were plotted by fitting a Ricker model to the data using likelihood methods.
Phenotypic plasticity enables individuals or genotypes to assume obviously different phenotypes during the life cycle.
He reasoned that this proved that the genotype was more important than the environment in determining intelligence. Educational Psychology in a Changing World
West Indian genotypes are adapted to humid tropical conditions and are hence very cold sensitive but show tolerance of soil salinity and other adverse edaphic conditions.
These strains offer the genetic reproducibility that is so valuable in lab mice, but with a wider variety of genotypes and phenotypes.
Within a single genotype, gerbera flowers may vary in a number of parameters, including sex expression, symmetry, sympetaly, and pigmentation.
Curvature of unstimulated controls was not significantly different from zero for any genotype.
Perhaps in ideally favorable environments most genotypes yield more or less the same phenotype.
Each horizontal axis represents the genetic map of the indicated rat chromosome in Haldane centimorgans and the markers at which genotypes were determined.
The number of muscle cells is largely genetically determined by the parental genotype.
When sites are recolonized, populations are founded by a very limited number of genotypes.
Chi-square analysis was used to determine the statistical significance of phenotypic differences observed among different genotypes.
By modularity we mean a genotype-phenotype map in which there are few pleiotropic effects among characters serving different functions, with pleiotropic effects falling mainly among characters that are part of a single functional complex. Darwin and neutrality - The Panda's Thumb
Estimation of the length for photoperiodically sensitive and insensitive phases of each genotype on the basis of equation involves an iterative regression procedure.
Cultivated varieties generally differ greatly from wild genotypes of the same closely related species.
This distinction between the genotype and the phenotype is crucial. The Developing Child (7th edn.)
The biobank will provide data on disease risk associated with specific genotypes in individuals with and without various exposures.
Eggs hatching from diapause introduce to current environments species or genotypes laid at times in the distant past.
Some of the cell lines were from individuals with rare inborn errors of metabolism, although none suffered from a condition known to be associated with their APOE genotype.
About 20 h after egg hatch, when the larvae on the resistant genotypes were still alive and the leaves with larvae were still furled, one leaf with larvae was removed from each plant and tested for the presence of hydrogen peroxide.
Of course, as for any other trait, it may be impossible for any one homozygous genotype to achieve the optimum.
These early HPV tests did not achieve widespread use because they did not detect all oncogenic HPV genotypes.
Because of reduced penetrance, individuals of different genotypes can have the same phenotype.
The thrifty genotype hypothesis and its implications for the study of complex disorders in man.
It is thought that certain strains of H. pylori (especially east-Asian cytotoxin-associated gene [cagA] - positive strains) might carry an increased risk of developing gastric cancer, but currently identified cagA genotypes in the Asia-Pacific are not associated with cancer. PhysOrg.com - latest science and technology news stories
Each genotype was crossed with the haploid strain isogenic to its own ancestor but of the opposite mating type.
Methods: Polymer - ase chain reaction ( PCR ) was used to determine the ACE genotype.
The observed data are the genotypes and the quantitative phenotypes of the subjects.
Nitrogen fixation was also much more tolerant of salinity in this selection than in the other genotypes studied.
Each cage was filled with 20 potted plants of one of four genotypes of soybeans.
The first morphological difference that arises between the lemma primordia of awned and calcaroides genotypes is marked by a change in the overall length of the organ.
There is insufficient information to recommend use of PAI - 1 plasma levels or genotype in evaluating thrombophilia.
Not even the almighty gene provided any clear answers, since it was discovered that I was a mosaic, with some cells in my body having the XY genotype and others having XO.
Genotype-specific response of a lycaenid herbivore to elevated carbon dioxide and phosphorus availability in calcareous grassland. New Content on CO2 Science
The pedigree of the genotyped animals was traced back for five generations.
The most simple way to look at this is that a genotype might influence who is sensitive to the impact of that first unhealthy weight loss diet they go on, she said.
The hybridization pattern indicates the genotype of the sample and is visualized using streptavidin-peroxidase and tetramethyl benzidine.
This is known as genotype x environment interaction (GEI) and breeding strategies must recognize this feature. 1. Tree products in agroecosystems: economic and policy issues.
Apparently all the Y chromosomes in town have indentical genotypes AND as Alpha Male he got dibs. GOP Senator On Bush: Homina, Homina, Homina...
What evidence to you have that the genotype of such organisms has not evolved?
Ammonoids reflected changing environmental conditions by changing their fecundity, whereas in nautiloids a strong heritable differential occurred between genotypes.
Many rams have already been genotyped for their ability to pass on resistance to scrapie.
˜population genetics™, ˜fitness™ refers either to the abilities of the different genotypes in a population to leave offspring, or to the measures of those abilities, represented by the variable W. Darwinism
For a parent with observed phenotypes, its actual genotypes can be inferred similarly.
Cows with valid genotypes for fewer than three markers were deleted from the analysis.
It appeared that development of new genotypes for seaweed mariculture would inevitably track the progress reported by crop scientists.
Because many persons have these genotypes and only a few develop gluten-sensitive enteropathy, investigators have hypothesized that other genes or cofactors may be involved.
Working with food tailored to genetic expression classifies people by various body parts such as fingerprints, length of torso, length of upper or lower legs, strength-testing your genotype, and other specific measurements that relate to statistical correlations. Why does blood type O remove cholesterol from meat-based diets more efficiently than blood type A?
When examining the genotypes of these strains, note that it is customary to list only those genes that are mutant, not wild-type. The Scientist
Loci are commonly chosen because they were known to be polymorphic in the population studied, while monomorphic loci were not genotyped or discarded from analysis.
After Suomi, Lesch, and Higley had grouped the monkeys’ 5-HIAA levels according to their serotonin genotype (short/long or long/long, but not short/short, which was too rare to be of use), they also sorted the results by whether the monkeys had been raised by their mothers or as orphans with only same-aged peers. The Science of Success
Although only three lineages are diagrammed, in reality an average of >100 lineages were propagated for each genotype.
There are many cases, for both maps, where there is agreement of close double-recombination events (where a singlet or a doublet of scores of one genotype is flanked by a run of the other genotype).
We used the data from the field experiment to estimate recruitment curves for beetle populations on each genotype.
The genotype of each strain and plasmids used for transformation are indicated at the top.
Backcross males having recombinant X chromosomes were genotyped and scored for fertility.
These parameters could be considered as quantitative traits and characterize a genotype.
Recombinant inbred lines were generated from a cross between SRN39, an African caudatum genotype, and SQR, a Chinese kaoliang line.
In this experiment, both sperm index evaluation and mating tests were performed on males from each of 146 different genotypes.
And here is why: the human genetic map comes in different versions called genotypes.
Researchers took DNA from 40 tissue sections to evaluate the prevalence of HPV and found low-risk HPV genotypes in 18.8% of the foreskins and high-risk HPV in 9.77%. Foreskin may be reservoir for HPV
What gamete genotypes will the pooled products of many meioses contain, and in what proportions? Results of the textbook meeting
Liver steatosis , diabetes mellitus and hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype have been implicated in liver fibrosis in HCV-related chronic active hepatitis (CAH).
Perhaps our genotypes will be our most closely guarded secret. Archive 2008-07-01
For statistical analyses, recombinant families bearing the same marker genotypes were grouped together.
That fixed sequence is known as your genotype, and it sets the parameters for your good health, as well as your relative risk for developing disease. The Chemistry of Calm
Nonhereditary DNA mutations are not classically understood as representing the individual's genotype.
RAD51 foci disappeared in both genotypes at late pachytene just before diplotene.
Blossom DB, Beigi RH, Farrell JJ, Mackay W, Qadadri B, et al. (2007) Human papillomavirus genotypes associated with cervical cytologic abnormalities and HIV infection in Ugandan women. PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles
Your child's genotype is important because certain genotypes respond better to treatment than others. Hepatitis C
Carriers of * 9 allele of SLC6A3 had over twice a lower risk to start smoking before the age of 20 years compared to non-carriers (sex-adjusted OR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0. 22-0.89; p = 0.0017), and subjects with A1 -/9 - genotype combination had a higher risk for staring regular smoking before the age of 20 years in comparison to subjects with A1+/9+ genotype combination (sex-adjusted OR = 3.79; 95% BioMed Central - Latest articles
Although there are at least nine possible combinations of genes, called genotypes, for any given eye color, for the sake of simplicity only blue and brown eye color genes will be discussed. Yahoo! Answers: Latest Questions
Genotypes were obtained by automated sizing of fluorescently tagged polymerase chain reaction amplification products.
NUE of three types of NF exist genotype difference.
Genotypic selection analysis revealed strong density-dependent selection in the open site, favoring genotypes with longer internodes at high density and with short internodes at low density.
In modern terms, this is called genotype-by-environment interaction, where the selective effect, s, of a gene changes with change in the environment. Evolutionary Genetics
This facilitated a quick lookup of parental data given a genotype but did not allow a more complete description of the parental pedigree.
I prefer redheads, yes, but only if their genotype is XX! DVD Podcast for 15 May 2005
The phenotypes and marker genotypes were shuffled 1000 times and the tests were performed on each permutated data set.
The clinical condition of affected individuals often does not closely mirror their specific genotype.
Perhaps in ideally favorable environments most genotypes yield more or less the same phenotype.
Numbers of viable and inviable spores of each genotype from 24 tetrads are indicated.
These two strains were haploid and isogenic except for the indicated genotypes.
Haplotypes usually have to be estimated from the genotype data, with random assignation whenever the haplotype cannot be inferred unambiguously.
However, this thrifty genotype hypothesis is not considered a sufficient explanation for the post-World War II rise in diabetes prevalence among the Pimas and other Native American groups.
To assess levels of significance, we permuted genotypes among populations 10,000 times.
We were not able to determine the genotype of these aborted embryos.
Natural selection disfavors mutations that cause pistils to accept pollen from genotypes that reject their pollen.
We assume that the relative fitnesses of these genotypes remain constant.
The genotype GgAaPp gives rise to the "thrum" phenotype, which has short styles, long anthers, and thrum pollen. Yahoo! Answers: Latest Questions
Cluster analysis as well as principal component analysis were performed for 12 quantitative characters of 30 inbred lines of rape genotypes (Brassica juncea L. ) .
Rapid divergence of phenotype but not of genotype is theoretically possible, but given the genetic closeness of the sampled individuals (and this assumes that the extant Giant tortoises identified as D. arnoldi and D. hololissa really are remnants of the same populations as those given these names but based on old material), should they be recognised as species separate from D. dussumieri? Archive 2006-02-01
This, combined with a sufficiently high rate of deleterious mutation, can allow sexual genotypes to outcompete asexual genotypes in the face of the twofold cost of sex.
Apparently all the Y chromosomes have indentical genotypes AND as Alpha Male he got dibs. Hillary To Raise Half A Million Dollars For Obama At Private Manhattan Dinner
In truly doubtful cases, only test crosses will reveal the actual genotype.
The prediction equation is from Equation 2, where p ijkl is the probability of the lth QTL genotype conditioned on marker genotype only.
Two pots of each genotype were irrigated throughout the period as controls.
Conclusion Data from phylogenic trees of H and N gene revealed that the wide-type measles viruses circulating in Zhejiang province in 2005 all belonged to genotype H1.
The sequence analysis indicated that 8 strains of the 20 belonged to H 1 genotype.
N-acetyl transferase genotypes in relation to risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus. The Autoimmune Epidemic
We assumed that sampled individuals were genotyped at a series of unlinked microsatellite loci.
We developed a stepwise strategy for obtaining reliable nuclear ancient DNA from ancient skeletons, based on (i) the selection of skeletons from archaeological sites that showed excellent biomolecular preservation, (ii) obtaining highly reproducible human mitochondrial DNA sequences, and (iii) reliable short tandem repeat (STR) genotypes from the same specimens. Archive 2007-03-01
A simple model, where the curve varies with fruits, was compared with a complex model, where the curve varies with genotypes and fruits.
So far, a clear genetic disease genes have a lot of epilepsy, epilepsy diagnosis genotypes, not only for genetic counseling, and may guide clinical treatment.
Cultivated varieties are propagated clonally and very often a single genotype is planted in orchards.
First, she conducted an international series of case-control studies using modern laboratory techniques that ended up demonstrating that HPV infection by certain genotypes of HPV is unequivocally one the strongest cancer risk factors ever found. Nubia Munoz wins Canada Gairdner Global Health Award
Eighteen microsatellites were genotyped in order to investigate which population of the adjacent countries was the possible source.
To determine the haplotypes of an individual, the genotypes of both parents may be required.
These benign warts are caused by human papilloma virus; genotypes 6 and 11 are found in over 90% of cases.
Your child's genotype is important because certain genotypes respond better to treatment than others. Hepatitis C
Identical twins have the same genotype, while fraternal twins share on average only 50% of the same genes.
Growth rate data from stimulated and unstimulated seedlings were not significantly different and were therefore combined to evaluate differences between genotypes.
The genotype is the DNA sequence which is found in every cell of the life-form. Notes on atonement
We intracerebrally inoculated hamsters with brain homogenates and phosphotungstate concentrated preparations from CWD positive hunter-harvested (Wisconsin CWD endemic area) and experimentally infected deer of known Prnp genotypes. CWD Worse Than Ever In Wisconsin Counties
In particular, seed and fruit production of self-incompatible species rely on flowering times of compatible genotypes overlapping, with important economic consequences for agriculture.

How To Use Genotype In A Sentence

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