How To Use Counterfactual In A Sentence
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Three Days to Never is, pretty clearly, a thematic consort of Declare, its immediate predecessor in Powers' canon, but although the new tale shares that novel's immurement in the mortal coils of 20th-century history, it reads as a counterfactual to Powers' previous unsparing insistence that the past 100 years or so of human life on this planet have been lived in the heart of darkness of theological abomination.
Clute Reviews THREE DAYS TO NEVER
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But to generate knowledge independently of experience, a priori warrants must produce warranted true belief in counterfactual situations where experiences are different.
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What’s debatable is how hard Obama tried, because it’s hard to do counterfactuals and what ifs.
Matthew Yglesias » Different Strokes
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So counterfactuals are not cases of straightforward logical implication.
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A particularly clear case of where you need it is in counterfactual conditionals: ‘If you did not sign on, your account could be temporarily suspended.’
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The tendency to demand purely qualitative descriptions of counterfactual situations has many sources.
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Such a semantics states truth conditions for counterfactuals in terms of relations among possible worlds.
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Predictions and counterfactual assertions are advanced conditioned by the assumption that no other exogenous causal factors intervene; that is, the assertive content of the hypothesis is that the economic processes under analysis will unfold in the described manner absent intervening causal factors.
Correspondence, abstraction, and realism
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There was constant hysterical invocation of an absurd counterfactual scenario: ‘What if he actually was planning to nuke us in 45 minutes?’
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The truth makers for such counterfactuals must be either (a) the intensions of the agent that affects the selection, or (b) laws that determine how the relative fitness of having the traits would be selected in a possible world where the actual coextension doesn’t hold. 24
Against Darwinism
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To be sure, even an undiscriminating bipartite mechanism may produce a belief that, luckily, is true; but there will be other, counterfactual, situations in which such a belief would be false.
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My conclusion, then, has to do with other situations of enquiry than this one, often spoken of as counterfactual situations.
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The observation that ‘tokoro-da’ cannot combine with statives without enforcing a counterfactual interpretation can be explained by the redundancy ‘tokoro-da’ introduces if added to a stative.
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If it's all strange fiction, if a conceit is a conceit (and can be explained, excused or exploited) regardless of whether it's counterfactual, hypothetical or metaphysical, we have problems, I think, in sticking to Suvin's term "novum".
Strange Fiction 9
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Recent attempts to analyze causation in terms of probabilistic counterfactuals have become quite intricate; see for example Noordhof.
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I also raise some questions concerning conceptual priority, and the issue of whether counterfactual analyses of causation are compatible with the view that causal relations are purely objective.
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And that might well work – I think most people’s eyes glaze over when you try to explain counterfactual baseline estimates to them, and so they are just keeping an eye on the unemployment rate, which remains grim and may only have trended down a bit by the 2010 elections.
Matthew Yglesias » GOP Senate Candidates Takes on Scourge of Imitation People
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Note that the inductive argument the agents run through depends upon the conclusions they each draw from several counterfactual conditionals.
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The moral to be drawn is that causation may imply that certain counterfactuals hold, but the holding of counterfactuals is not enough to show causation.
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The counterfactual is extremely difficult to test reliably given the small number of data points. we should be lowering the tax on labor and raising the tax on capital
Taxes and Market Time, Arnold Kling | EconLog | Library of Economics and Liberty
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This is what we call counterfactual history or speculation.
NPR Topics: News
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In the conventional view of sf/fantasy, a distinction is usually made between the two forms as fictions of the possible and the impossible respectively, but this is a distinction which glosses over the temporal (technological and historical) impossibilities of "novae" (Darko Suvin's term for the hypothetical novelties of sf) and "errata" (my own term for the counterfactual alterations of alt-history).
Notes on Strange Fiction: Seams
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The last chapter clarified definition. logic character and truth definition of counterfactual conditionals.
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Concerning ordinary physical objects, it is easy to imagine counterfactual cases where questions of identity become problematic.
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This possible world account of counterfactual conditionals is widely accepted, and partly for this reason the idiom of possible worlds is now a familiar feature of philosophical discourse.
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In many cases, the relevant conditionals will be counterfactual: their antecedents will be false.
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But the recruitment video contains some stuff that (1) I don't consider 'private' and (2) is loopily counterfactual on face (Scientologists aren't the only people who care about suffering, obviously).
Pretty Much Turtles All the Way Down
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Some have even maintained that causal statements can be analysed in terms of counterfactual conditionals.
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For instance, depressed individuals tend to use more counterfactuals, and in particular, more counterfactuals for "controllable" events1.
If We Had a Cognitive Account of Counterfactuals, This Would Be It
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But then Brooks’s counterfactual is pointless, because you can’t choose to marry someone you can be happy with.
Matthew Yglesias » Eternal Recurrence
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Research suggests that counterfactual comparisons help people draw preparative lessons for improved future performance.
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The story is an exercise in counterfactual genre criticism in which a professor tells his class about the fictitious history and non-existent antecedent of Poe's famous story "The Masque of the Red Death" (1842).
REVIEW: The Best Horror Of The Year, Volume 2 edited by Ellen Datlow
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Based on the discussion above, we can hypothesize a link between a type of counterfactual thinking and learning.
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All the quirks of strange fiction, to put it in a pertinent perspective, all the counterfactual errata, the hypothetical novae, the metaphysical chimerae — Nazi presidents and robot stormtroopers and butterfly-winged faeries — these are not pure invention.
Creative Control - Part 4
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This is to provide a sort of counterfactual analysis of the continued existence of unperceived objects.
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Counterfactual history - the history of might-have-beens - then becomes much more than an exercise in subjective speculation.
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You have posed a counterfactual question, an imaginary question.
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Van Fraassen points out that any counterfactual has a ceteris paribus clause, but what is “being kept equal” by the asserter of the counterfactual varies from context to context.
Beyond the Voice
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The Philosopher Igal Kvart has been a persistent critic of the claim that it is possible to analyze counterfactuals without using causation.
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Desdemona's remarkable, if temporary, recovery from asphyxiation is the most counterfactual thing in the play.
Winters Tale follow-up
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That differential commitment is understood through a more accurate simulation of the false believer, who mistakes the counterfactual situation for reality.
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On the basis of the fact that, unlike (9), (10) can serve to express two distinct counterfactual beliefs, Kripke (1972) hypothesizes that a proper name is what he calls a rigid designator.
Intentionality
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In practice, the nomological, statistical, counterfactual, and agential accounts tend to converge in the indeterministic case.
The Metaphysics of Causation
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The theory called occasionalism simply concedes that the “local” counterfactual dependence of the behavior of a physical system on a non-physical event requires a miracle.
Metaphysics
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In this example, the counterfactual is not sufficient to stretch the suspension of disbelief.
Archive 2006-07-01
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obligational" disputation shows, in some authors 'theories, a marked similarity to recent theories of counterfactual reasoning.
Medieval Theories of Obligationes
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But it may strike us as being far from natural to say that all of these counterfactuals are true.
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As to probability, each of the nomological, statistical, counterfactual, and agential versions of the theory might be thought to harbor causal notions.
The Metaphysics of Causation
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The other is indignation at some historians' recourse to contingency and the counterfactual to unsettle old certainties.
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Where temporal and nomological impossibility is artificed into narrative in the form of hypothetical/counterfactual and metaphysical quirks, logical impossibility is artificed into narrative in the form of pataphysical quirks.
Notes on Strange Fiction: The Pataphysical Quirk
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It also involves a counterfactual assumption that aggression is not part of what happens when you add unskilled foreigners into a welfare society/diseconomy; as if we owed no loyalty to fellow citizens above the foreigner, when foreigners stateside increase the aggression on the net taxpayer here.
Benefits of Immigration, Arnold Kling | EconLog | Library of Economics and Liberty