How To Use Cnidaria In A Sentence
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It is therefore largely appreciated that the resemblance between ctenophores and cnidarians is superficial and does not reflect a particularly close evolutionary relationship.
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Fossils of the Twitya Formation are generally presumed to be cnidarians, or at least metazoans of cnidarian grade.
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There are some animals that don't belong to the Bilateria, though: members of the phylum Cnidaria, the jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones, and corals, which are typically radially symmetric.
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There's also the weird facet that hox genes are only rudimentary present in cnidarians, making the complexity of wnts even more fascinating.
Death of a popular anti-ID argument
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Sphenothallus Hall, 1847 is a widespread Paleozoic marine taxon that has been interpreted most recently as a tubiculous annelid or other ‘worm’ or as a thecate hydrozoan or scyphozoan cnidarian.
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We were how to sleep for you to afterworld rudimentary at the rhizopogon roundup cnidaria the cheap jimdandy, and we were scaley when you did.
Rational Review
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Hox genes have been isolated from a number of cnidarian species including hydra.
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Members of the phylum Ctenophora bear some general similarities to cnidarian medusae including a gelatinous mesenchymal layer and a symmetrical organization around an aboral / oral axis.
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The same is true for hydra, a freshwater cnidarian.
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It is a widespread Paleozoic marine taxon that has been interpreted most recently as a tubiculous annelid or other ‘worm’ or as a thecate hydrozoan or scyphozoan cnidarian.
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In some cases, gene relationships among cnidarian groups are congruent with the species phylogeny: hydrozoan sequences are sister-group to scyphozoan sequences, with anthozoan sequences branching basally to this ensemble.
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If collar cells and spicules are defining characteristics of the Phylum Porifera, then nematocysts define cnidarians.
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However, temporal colinearity of Hox gene expression and compact Hox clusters have so far only been described in the cephalochordate, amphioxus, and in vertebrates, but not in Cnidaria, Lophotrochozoa, or Ecdysozoa.
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Collectively, these studies indicate that iodinated organic compounds, such as thyroxine, can affect strobilation and mineralization in cnidarians.
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Because all three main clades of bilaterian animals express a let-7 RNA that is temporally regulated, but cnidarian, poriferan and all non-animal species that we analysed do not express a detectable let-7 RNA, we propose that the gene evolved after the divergence of diploblastic and bilaterian animals
Teach the Controversy
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In the context of relationships among cnidarian taxa assigned the Linnaean rank of class, Anthozoa may be perceived as basal.
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Instead, many used a scenario approach to conclude that solitary sessile polyps represent the ancestral cnidarian form.
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A first striking finding was the high number of SOX gene sequences recovered from both the cnidarian and the ctenophore representatives (10 and 13 from C. hemisphaerica and P. pileus, respectively).
As Expected
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The planulae of most cnidarians attach and lose, at most, a coat of swimming cilia.
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A first striking finding was the high number of SOX gene sequences recovered from both the cnidarian and the ctenophore representatives (10 and 13 from C. hemisphaerica and P. pileus, respectively).
As Expected
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Mackie is quick to point out the under appreciation of, and in fact often misinformation concerning, the cnidarian nervous system.
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The Phylum Cnidaria includes such diverse forms as jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones, and corals.
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A short survey to a depth of 20 m revealed 168 species of finfish, 60 species of cnidaria, including corals, 8 molluscs, 14 sponges, 11 echinoderms, 15 arthropods and 8 annelid worms.
Pitons Management Area, Saint Lucia
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A medusa, or jellyfish, is part of the life cycle of just one major group of animals, the cnidarians.
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This pattern is typical of most Porifera, Cnidaria, Bryozoa with coronate larvae, colonial Ascidiacea and many polychaetes.
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Pelagic species were from the Chaetognatha, Cnidaria, Crustacea, Ctenophora, and Mollusca, and benthic species were from the Chordata, Crustacea, Mollusca, and Echinodermata.
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There are three subgroups within the cnidarians that have medusae, cubozoans, hydrozoans, and scyphozoans.
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Porpita is a member of a small but very widespread group of hydrozoan cnidarians, the Chondrophorina.
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These ideas are supported by other authors for a host of cnidarian groups.
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The cnidarians (hydra, jellyfish, and sea anemones) and helminths have a sac-like digestive system with a single opening.
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Our study of the new material does not support a cnidarian affinity.
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Cnidarians are radially symmetrical, meaning that they're symmetrical around several axes, like the spokes in a bicycle wheel, whereas all the organisms depicted to the right of the cnidarian are bilaterally symmetrical, meaning they're only symmetrical around the head-to-tail axis (except for the echinoderms, which evolved radial symmetry independently).
2005 June - Telic Thoughts
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The impression that Anthozoa is the basal cnidarian group may depend upon the taxa being discussed.
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Primary responsibilities are the expansion, organization, and maintenance of cloning libraries derived from cnidarian, ctenophore, crustacean, fish and avian model organisms.
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A specific panel of seven target sequences was selected to test the binding patterns of cnidarian paired domains.
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Cnidarians of the genus Obelia form colonies of polyps in their asexual generation.
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Do polyps of other cnidarian species have a tissue dynamics similar to that of hydra?
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If you take a look at animal phylogeny, an important group are the diploblastic phyla, the cnidarians and ctenophores.
Jellyfish lack true Hox genes! - The Panda's Thumb
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On the basis of this information it has been proposed that the earliest metazoans were probably wormlike organisms, similar to the larvae of modern cnidarians and developed from flagellate protists.
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Cnidarians have two basic body forms, medusa and polyp.
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Many thousands of cnidarian species live in the world's oceans, from the tropics to the poles, from the surface to the bottom.
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Cnidaria and Ctenophora are now classified as separate phyla, and the term "coelenterate" sent off to the rubbish heap of obsolete biological terms.
New art
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Anthozoan cnidarians.-In at least two papers, workers have postulated an affinity between stromatoporoids and corals.
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Cross species comparison reveals a strong variability of gene expression along the oral-aboral axis and during the life cycle among cnidarian lineages.
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In the former, cleavage gives rise to a hollow blastula, which is filled in to a greater or lesser extent by the unipolar immigration of cells, much as occurs in hydrozoan cnidarians.
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A kind of colonial cnidarian - an animal with stinging cells related to anemones, corals and jellyfish.
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The cnidarians (hydra, jellyfish, and sea anemones) and helminths have a sac-like digestive system with a single opening.
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Data from sponges, ctenophores, and cnidarians are providing a glimpse into the some of the earliest events in Hox evolution.
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The ancestral cnidarian proto-Hox cluster is thought to have contained four Hox genes.
Jonathan Wells gets everything wrong, again - The Panda's Thumb
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I'm going to briefly summarize an interesting new article on cnidarian Hox genes…unfortunately, it requires a bit of background to put it in context, so bear with me for a moment.
Jellyfish lack true Hox genes! - The Panda's Thumb
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For the reasons outlined above in the first paragraph and explained in more detail in Van Iten et al., we here interpret Sphenothallus as a thecate polypoid cnidarian whose systematic position within this phylum is uncertain.
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All animals, including the essentially epithelial cnidarians, nevertheless have the capacity to produce mesenchymal cells.
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In cnidarians, the developmental biology of some aspects of clonality have been studied.
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In the cnidarians, chaetognaths, and ctenophores, the opaque gut wall was the surface measured.
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There is also general agreement that the common cnidarian / bilaterian ancestor possessed "anterior" Hox (HOX1 and HOX2 paralogy groups) and ParaHox (GSX) genes, but lacked HOX3 and "median" (HOX4-8) Hox genes (e.g. [39]).
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Jellyfish belong to one of the oldest extant animal phyla, the Cnidaria.
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Do polyps of other cnidarian species have a tissue dynamics similar to that of hydra?
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Miller DJ (1992) Genomes of diploblastic organisms contain homeoboxes: sequence of eveC, an even-skipped homologue from the cnidarian Acropora formosa.
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Namapoikia rietoogensis gen. et sp. nov. is up to 1 meter in diameter and bears a complex and robust biomineralized skeleton; it probably represents a cnidarian or poriferan.
The Cambrian as an evolutionary exemplar - The Panda's Thumb
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Based on the clear clustering of the Wnt gene families it is highly unlikely that a single Wnt gene independently expanded in the cnidarian and vertebrate lineages.
Death of a popular anti-ID argument
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Casually touching many cnidarians will make it clear how they got their name when their nematocysts eject barbed threads tipped with poison.
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For that matter, even the syncytial ‘gut’ departs further from the cnidarian or poriferan system than from the bilaterian archenteron.
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Anthozoan cnidarians lack the medusoid lifestage found in other Cnidaria.
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Although scyphozoan sequences are lacking in the HOX1, HOX2, HOX9-14A and CDX groups (figure 1), these absences could be due to non exhaustive sampling from PCR surveys, a full genome sequence being currently lacking for this cnidarian lineage
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Development 134: 2549-2560. de Jong DM, Hislop NR, Hayward DC, Reece-Hoyes JS, Pontynen PC, et al. (2006) Components of both major axial patterning systems of the Bilateria are differentially expressed along the primary axis of a 'radiate' animal, the anthozoan cnidarian Acropora millepora.
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However, the primary axis of cnidarians lacks the degree of axial differentiation found in vertebrates or insects.
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Although we cannot completely exclude a nonbiological or nonmetazoan origin, we identified what appear to be modern cnidarian developmental stages, including both anthozoan planula larvae and hydrozoan embryos.
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It has been proposed that the most recent common ancestor between cnidarians and bilaterians would have been morphologically similar to a pennatulacean anthozoan.
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Sponges and diploblasts (cnidarians and ctenophores) are basal to the triploblastic metazoans.
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Because all three main clades of bilaterian animals express a let-7 RNA that is temporally regulated, but cnidarian, poriferan and all non-animal species that we analysed do not express a detectable let-7 RNA, we propose that the gene evolved after the divergence of diploblastic and bilaterian animals
Teach the Controversy
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Anthozoan cnidarians lack the medusoid lifestage found in other Cnidaria.
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In fact, there are so many species of beetles that there are more species of beetles than the total number of species currently living in the Phyla Echinodermata, Mollusca, Annelida, Platyhelminthes, Cnidaria, and Porifera combined!
Species richness
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Sea turtles are omnivorous and feed on a variety of sponges, cnidarians, mollusks, crustaceans, algae, plants, and fish.
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Members of the phylum Cnidaria, these animals have capsule-shaped cells with a trapdoor-like lid, containing a stinging nematocyst.
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However, unlike cnidarians, ctenophores possess rows of cilia and a unique, complex sensory organ and lack cnidae and metagenesis.
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For example, colonial anthozoan cnidarians, in particular the Pennatulacea or "sea pens" are quite capable of moving, defouling themselves, and burrowing both upwards and downwards.
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Furthermore, each major cnidarian lineage experienced specific duplications: group C HOX9-14 genes were independently duplicated in the Scyphozoa and in the Hydrozoa, and several duplications increased the number of HOX2 genes in the Anthozoa (figure 1).
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Cnidarians contain chemical synapses and release neurotransmitters, including biogenic amines and peptides.
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Of particular interest in this regard are animals in the early diverging non-bilaterian phyla Porifera, Placozoa, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora.
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A consensus is beginning to emerge regarding many key nodes in basal metazoan and cnidarian phylogeny, but many important questions remain.
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There are three subgroups within the cnidarians that have medusae, cubozoans, hydrozoans, and scyphozoans.
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Based on the position of the Wnt centre, the oral end of cnidarian planulae and polyps seems homologous to the rear end of the Bilateria
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By including genes from various cnidarian species belonging to Anthozoa, Scyphozoa and Hydrozoa, our analysis allows to identify lineage-specific gene duplications or losses through the comparison of the topology within the gene tree with the known phylogenetic relationships between included species
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In some cases, gene relationships among cnidarian groups are congruent with the species phylogeny: hydrozoan sequences are sister-group to scyphozoan sequences, with anthozoan sequences branching basally to this ensemble.
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In any case, there is molecular evidence to suggest that the Anthozoa are the earliest branch of the phylum Cnidaria.
