How To Use Chromosome In A Sentence
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The remaining three evolutionary forces are nonadaptive in the sense that they are not a function of the fitness properties of individuals: mutation is the ultimate source of variation on which natural selection acts, recombination assorts variation within and among chromosomes, and genetic drift ensures that gene frequencies will deviate a bit from generation to generation independent of other forces.
A Disclaimer for Behe?
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Linkage groups are designated by roman numerals and X for the sex chromosome.
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We also investigated a possible DMSO effect on the frequency of polyploid and endo-reduplicated cells by chromosome counting.
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Species with 120 chromosomes are classified as functional diploid species, species with 250 chromosomes as functional tetraploid species, and with 500 chromosomes as functional octaploids.
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Gross changes in chromosome morphology occur at each mitosis.
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Genes are submicroscopic segments of DNA and cannot be detected by chromosome analysis.
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A small random gene which survived all, to become successful and clever and procreate a chromosome of me in her turn, that I might live on?
SEA MUSIC
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It revealed why crossing-over should be suppressed between the centromere and the nucleolus organizer in organisms in which chiasmata terminalize, from the initial loaction of a crossover to the end of the arm of the chromosome.
Nobel Lecture The Significance of Responses of the Genome to Challenge
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Chromosomes are visible only during cell division, when the DNA is supercoiled and condensed to facilitate distribution into daughter cells.
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Every time a chromosome replicates itself, its telomeres shorten in length.
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While this is happening, what appeared at first to be a spaghettilike jumble of the ninety-two chromatin strands condenses into chromosomes that upon close examination are actually twenty-three pairs of pairs, that is forty-six pairs or ninety-two chromosomes in all.
THE HIDDEN FACE OF GOD
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Agrobacteria gene movements have produced second chromosomes derived from plasmids, while in the biovar II strain K84 the plasmid-based replicon has yet to reach second chromosome status.
Health News from Medical News Today
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DNA is bundled inside cells as chromosomes; a karyotype is a representation of all of the chromosomes in a cell.
Health News from Medical News Today
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Constitutional chromosome abnormalities were identified in 14.3 per cent of azoospermic and 6.5 per cent of oligozoospermic men, with an overall rate of 10.2 per cent.
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Sutton worked with grasshopper chromosomes, and it was in this paper that he showed that chromosomes occur in distinct pairs, which segregate at meiosis.
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The fourth chromosomes often disjoin slightly before the other bivalents.
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In 1882, scientists using microscopes discovered the chromosomes separately.
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It has long been thought that the grouping of telomeres is important for chromosome pairing and subsequent synapsis.
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This exposed strand then searches for a copy of itself (located on its sister chromosome), and "photocopies" past the broken region, repairing the DNA and zipping itself back up.
Newswise: Latest News
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One of several closely related genes, eft - 4, resides on the X chromosome.
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By analyzing 134 informative microsatellite markers dispersed throughout the genome on 39 meioses, we localized the king mutation to the distal region of Chromosome 5 with a peak logarithm of odds
PLoS Biology: New Articles
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The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has two sex chromosomes and three autosomes.
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The woman in our distant ancestry who carried the mitochondrial chromosomes from which all the human mitochondrial chromosomes of the present time are descended.
The Runaway Brain: the Evolution of Human Uniqueness
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When a gene on a more typical chromosome mutates, the chromosome can still recombine with its twin.
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Since individual univalents or bivalents in some nuclei may lie too close to each other to be resolved unambiguously, this method underestimates the frequency of achiasmate chromosomes.
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Polytene chromosome squashes were prepared according to SILVER and ELGIN 1978.
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Anxiety can damage chromosomes responsible for a healthy immune system and shorten life by eight years.
The Sun
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Genes are the physical units of heredity and are located along each chromosome in the cells of the human body.
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Translocation of a gene: the physical reattachment of a gene from one chromosome to another.
The Emperor of All Maladies
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However, chromosome pairs would sometimes break apart and exchange pieces - a process known as crossing over.
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In effect, the position of the first QTL follows a uniform distribution over the length of the chromosome.
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The new analysis confirmed the existence of 1,098 protein-coding genes on the X chromosome.
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The chromosomes were stained with acetic orcein and visualized with a light microscope.
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A V-shaped metacentric chromosome has two arms: 10 metacentric chromosomes would have a total of 20 arms.
Trout and Salmon of North America
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Cross-species hybridization studies using human chromosome paints as probes reveal extensive homology.
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Pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 was seen in one azoospermic patient.
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But what the newly sequenced genome reveals is that the platypus's male-determining gene, the monotreme equivalent of primates' SRY gene, is not located on any of those five pairs of sex chromosomes.
Archive 2008-05-01
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In organisms in which gender is based on one sex being homomorphic and the other heteromorphic for the sex chromosomes, a process has evolved to equalize the output of products encoded by the genes located there.
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We discuss possible explanations for reduced female recombination in marsupials as a consequence of the metatherian characteristic of determinate paternal X chromosome inactivation.
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To ensure that observed chromosome pairing was generally indicative of the species and that there was no difference between selfing and outcrossing, 11 self-crosses and 2 outcrosses were observed.
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Chromosome-wide significance thresholds were determined by permutation as previously described.
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Schizoendemic taxa are vicariant endemics with identical chromosome numbers.
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When colonies are formed, the resulting cells tend to have euploid genomes derived from the aneuploid state by chromosome loss.
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Flemming, on the other hand, clung to his erroneous view that all the chromosomes are at first united into one long continu - ous thread, a “spireme,” which later breaks up into the separate chromosomes.
GENETIC CONTINUITY
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Whether or not transgenes integrate into specific chromosomes or chromosome regions of the genome has not yet been determined.
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We applied Digoxigenin-labelled probe in gene localization on human chromosomes.
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The final step will now be to use this genome transplant procedure to place the newly built artificial chromosome into a bacterial cell.
Times, Sunday Times
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Waters thus defended “informal reduction,” in which molecular models of crossing-over between homologous chromosomes were shown to be explanatory, even though no derivational reduction was involved.
Molecular Biology
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An integrated map of all 21 chromosomes based on 436 deletion lines was constructed.
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First, it generates crossovers between homologous chromosomes that mature into visible chiasmata.
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There are clear distinctions in comportment of ends of chromosomes on entering telophase nuclei.
Nobel Lecture The Significance of Responses of the Genome to Challenge
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Nuclei have numerous replicons origins per chromosome, which can be replicated simultaneously - so replication time is mechanistically independent of genome size and can be far less than in bacteria.
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Chromosome heteromorphism therefore reflects de novo evolution of sex chromosomes during the evolution of dioecy in this plant lineage, a relatively recent event within this genus.
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Cytogenetic studies of mitotic and polytene chromosomes, allozyme data, and crossing studies indicate that An. dirus A and C are very closely related.
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Because of a doubling of their chromosome number, these hybrids could no longer cross with the parental species but only among themselves - which they did not hesitate to do.
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The chromosome 22q11. 2 deletion is a chromosomal difference, one that may or may not "run in the family" (meaning it's hereditary).
Velocardiofacial, conotruncal anomaly face and Opitz G/BBB syndromes
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However, a temporary constriction occurs in the fifth largest chromosome of a variety of S. bicolor cultivated for silage, in addition to the major constriction in its largest chromosome.
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Homologous chromosomes are fully aligned at the pachytene stage, and germ cells survive to complete meiosis and gametogenesis with high efficiency.
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Familial adenomatous polyposis is inherited by transmission of a mutation of the APC gene on chromosome 5.
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A chromatin bridge would form at the meiotic anaphase by passage of the two centromeres on the dicentric chromosome to opposite poles of the spindle.
Nobel Lecture The Significance of Responses of the Genome to Challenge
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To make such determinations, forensic scientists typically identify 13 regions (known as loci) on a chromosome to assess profiles 'similarity.
Osagie K. Obasogie: Democrats and DNA Databases
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An obvious question is whether the mat bias is absent in azygotic meiosis after homologous chromosomes have coexisted in diploid cells for many mitotic divisions.
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These congenic mice confirm the location, potency, and independent action of the C3H chromosome 1 modifier.
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Giant cell, fourth mitotic division showing replicated mirror image dicentric chromosomes and acentric fragments (arrows).
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NO dimorphic sex chromosomes were observed in either sexof the three species examined.
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You have two sets of chromosomes, making a total of 46 altogether.
Christianity Today
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Alleles of the same gene occupy the equivalent locus on homologous chromosomes.
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The banding pattern of polytene chromosomes was examined under a Zeiss phase-contrast microscope.
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Crossing over ensures segregation of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I.
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¦ It was all DNA and genes and chromosomes and microbiology and eubacteria these days.
Reductionism in Biology
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The new myosins were named according to their chromosome position.
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However, no investigation has been made into whether homologous chromosome pairs or bivalents with altered patterns of recombination events may also be at increased risk for nondisjunction in mammals other than humans.
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High fidelity of meiotic chromosome segregation is essential for the propagation of all sexually reproducing organisms.
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Meiosis results in the production of four megaspores, containing half the number of chromosomes of the sporophyte.
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Recent developments in molecular cytogenetics open new avenues to study mechanisms of interaction of chemicals with chromosomes.
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Starting at the macroscopic chromosome level we see that its structure can strongly vary throughout the cell cycle on timescales of hours or days.
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Third, many agronomically important genes or their alleles are chromosome specific and are not triplicated.
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Loss of KLP-19 polar ejection force causes misorientation and missegregation of holocentric chromosomes.
Wells vs tiny flies - The Panda's Thumb
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In wild-type chromosomes, these proteins are confined to the heterochromatic DNA sequences either by terminator sequences or by proximally directed initiators.
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Chromosome analysis requires growing cells in culture and harvesting dividing cells.
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The chromosomes are counterstained with DAPI (light blue).
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Different from bivalent polyploids, multivalent polyploids pair their chromosomes among more than two homologous copies at meiosis.
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In specimens of GC, CB, and LM, the AgNORs were located at terminal regions of the short arm of an SM pair, in which was observed a size heteromorphism between homologue chromosomes.
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From the cytogenetic perspective, only a small proportion of fish species have heteromorphic sex chromosomes.
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The majority of chromosomes carrying these inversions will be found in heterozygosis, and thus we expect a larger reduction of recombination than in inversions with higher frequency.
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These genes are duplicated along with the chromosomes at each cell division and can be passed down from parents to their offspring.
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Recombination events are often visible as structures known as chiasmata that physically connect two homologous chromosomes during prophase I.
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Due to the colchicine-induced or spontaneous process of chromosome doubling that takes place during the early stages of embryo development, fertile double haploid plants can be easily regenerated within a short period of time.
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Then when the heterotypic division takes place and the number of chromosomes is halved, we shall have two spermatocytes with _N_-1 chromosomes from one of the first spermatocytes and one with _N_ and one with _N_-1 from the other.
Hormones and Heredity
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Also, the space between individual chromosomes is less in zygotene than in pachytene.
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While the red panda is considered a procyonid, the mainstream view now is that the giant panda is indeed a bear, although it diverged from the main ursid line long enough ago to exhibit some striking differences in addition to the enlarged radial sesamoid, such as chromosome number, skull anatomy, and other traits.
The Panda's Thumb has Evolved ... Twice! - The Panda's Thumb
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If a Y-chromosome combines with an X-chromosome during fertilization, a male baby will result.
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Primary homology hypotheses were generated for features of gross morphology, leaf anatomy, and chromosome number.
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This paper describes an analysis of the frequency of dicentric chromosomes and acentric fragments in 1260 subjects occupationally exposed to X-rays and 241 controls.
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All alien chromosomes behaved as univalents during meiosis.
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I've read a fair bit about bigeneric hybrids in which colchicine is used to double up the chromosome number to produce a fertile plant - eg Tritcale.
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However, not all acentric chromosomes and dicentric chromosomes/centric rings were converted to MNi and NPB respectively, depending on the dose of radiation.
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Our eyesight and hearing are dependent on healthy chromosomes.
Times, Sunday Times
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He looks as though he is made of anger issues and extra Y chromosomes.
Times, Sunday Times
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To keep powering the cell, these two sets of chromosomes need to talk to each other, he said.
Times, Sunday Times
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Quebec platelet disorder is an autosomal dominant bleeding condition associated with a gain-of-function defect in fibrinolysis resulting from a 78 kb tandem duplication on chromosome 10q24 that includes
MedPageToday.com - medical news plus CME for physicians
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Whilst most animals, including humans, inherit one set of chromosomes from their mother, and a matching set from their father, male bee drones get by on one set alone.
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The bouquet forms at late leptotene and early zygotene and is coincident with chromosome pairing.
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Oocytes and sperm are haploid, with one set of chromosomes, whereas somatic cells are diploid, with two chromosomal sets.
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The location of a gene on the chromosome.
The Runaway Brain: the Evolution of Human Uniqueness
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The cell is then stretched and split into two halves on the framework of microtubules, each half containing a full complement of chromosomes.
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Arginine An AMINO ACID found especially in the histone proteins that surround DNA in chromosomes.
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RSLs are lines in which a chromosome pair is replaced by a recombined monosome (monosomic RSL) or disome (disomic RSL).
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This makes sense, since these cancers often fail to inactivate the X chromosome, and X chromosome nondisjunction leads to more male worms.
Ars Technica
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Chromosome counting was carried out on the 16 aberrant plants of the 1999 progeny.
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The final step will now be to use this genome transplant procedure to place the newly built artificial chromosome into a bacterial cell.
Times, Sunday Times
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Chromosomal sex determination can also be more complex, with multiple X and Y chromosomes, or maternal, as in the carrion fly Chrysomya rufifacies.
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These genes are duplicated along with the chromosomes at each cell division and can be passed down from parents to their offspring.
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The most direct way to assess chromosomal aneuploidy is to evaluate chromosome numbers in metaphase cells.
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However, special attention must be paid to the donor chromosome segment around the target gene.
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Telomeres, the natural ends of linear chromosomes, are maintained by the specialized reverse transcriptase called telomerase.
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These chromosome pieces contain the same genes involved in the original translocation and they can translocate to the other chromosome producing the same fusion gene.
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This attribute does not appear to be a feature of other independently isolated episomes, including episomes that cover the same portion of the E. coli chromosome that is included in F'128.
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Its genome is made up of 100 million bases divided into six segments, or chromosomes.
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These 648 plants, representing selfed progenies of irradiated maize chromosome 9 monosomic addition line plants, were screened for the presence or absence of maize DNA.
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Its structure is that of an ordinary cell-nucleus, viz., it consists of a reticulum or karyomitome, the meshes of which are filled with karyoplasm, while connected with, or imbedded in, the reticulum are a number of chromatin masses or chromosomes, which may present the appearance of a skein or may assume the form of rods or loops.
I. Embryology. 2. The Ovum
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The argument is that females have two X chromosomes, whereas males have only one.
Advanced Educational Psychology For Educators, Researchers and Policymakers,
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As it is never paired with a partner, it escapes a process called recombination that shuffles the code of every other chromosome in each new individual.
Crusaders sowed seeds of modern Beirut
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We conclude that trisomy 18 is a consistent feature in pilomatricoma, suggesting that genes carried on this chromosome, such as that for the antiapoptotic oncoprotein BCL2, may have a role in the growth and differentiation of this benign self-limited tumor.
Naturejobs - All Jobs
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Our second goal was to measure interference by assaying the number of doubly recombinant chromosomes.
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So a genetic map is an abstract entity that tells you the relative positions of genes on chromosomes.
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This force increases the efficiency with which chromosomes make bipolar spindle attachments and regulates kinetochore activities necessary for chromosome oscillation, but is not essential for chromosome congression.
Sub-cellular ID Spin - The Panda's Thumb
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The way in which the cell packages this genetic material is by tightly coiling it up and bundling it around proteins to form a structure called the chromosome.
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The origin of the extra chromosome 21 due to meiotic non-disjunction was 79.24 per cent maternal and 20.76 per cent paternal.
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In the spore, passage to opposite poles of the two centromeres of this newly created dicentric chromosome again produced a chromatid bridge that was again ruptured.
Nobel Lecture The Significance of Responses of the Genome to Challenge
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The first numeral refers to the chromosome providing the centromere-carrying segment, the second to the chromosome supplying the acentric segment.
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In situ hybridization to polytene chromosomes confirmed that each insertion was in a typical euchromatic, banded region.
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Consequently, linked blocks of genes are inherited intact in the form of whole chromosomes from fathers, while loci on chromosomes from mothers assort randomly.
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Twelve univalent chromosomes are visible in this diakinesis-stage nucleus, indicating an absence of chiasmata.
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Further, the products of crossovers between inverted repeats may lead to dicentric and acentric chromosomes that often cannot be transmitted to the next generation.
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Micronuclei are acentric chromosome fragments or whole chromosomes that are left behind during mitotic cellular division and appear in the cytoplasm of interphasic cells as small additional nuclei.
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No matter how many times we totted it up, the chromosome count never rose above 46 (with a bit missing if you were a man).
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Its forty-six helical-structured chromosomes are human, not bovine, avian, or reptilian.
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We have noticed that multiple clones carried an aberrant chromosome III that was indistinguishable by size.
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At this point esch chromosome consist of a pair of chromatids and the two associated chromosomes are termed a tetrad.
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Whether the gonads become ovaries or testes is determined by the chromosomes received from the parents at the time of conception.
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An example of overdominance is the allele in black Africans that confers resistance to malaria when present in one chromosome (heterozygous), but causes sickle cell anemia when present in both (homozygous).
"The more we play God or try to improve on Mother Nature, the more damage we are doing with all kinds of experiments that... turn into nightmares."
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The alternate phase of the plant life cycle is the sporophyte, the diploid plant form, with each cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes.
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Comparison of the cumulative isochore distribution on chromosomes 17 to 22 and on the whole human genome.
PLoS ONE Alerts: New Articles
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Also excluded are exchanges that would generate dicentric or acentric chromosomes, such as exchanges that may occur between rDNA subunits lying in opposite orientation.
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Chromosome loss may be the result of either non-attachment of the chromosome kinetochore to the spindle microtubules or chromosome lagging at anaphase and gives rise to a micronucleus.
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As originally defined by Winkler, genome referred to a monoploid chromosome complement.
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It had been known for some time that a crossover within the inverted segment in plants that are heterozygous for an inversion in one arm of a chromosome would result in a dicentric chromosome, and also an acentric fragment composed of all the chromatin from the distal breakpoint of the inversion to the end of the arm.
Nobel Lecture The Significance of Responses of the Genome to Challenge
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Numerous phenotypic characters have been associated with DNA C-values (DNA content of the chromosome complement) and with genome size (DNA content of the monoploid chromosome set) apart from the genetic effect.
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Damage caused to DNA may, in turn, induce mutation and chromosome abnormalities of the meristem cells.
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Meanwhile, cytological work had also added credence to the materiality of genes-on-chromosomes.
Gene
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This meant that all those early arrivals died out, or at least did not leave any mitochondrial chromosomes to posterity.
The Runaway Brain: the Evolution of Human Uniqueness
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We work toward a movement in which all cereal chromosomes will be united, not only in one New Cereal (pompously designated "the first man-made cereal") but also in other new cereals besides Triticale such as Hordecale (amphidiploid of barley and rye), Triticordeum (amphidiploid of wheat and barley) and many more, not scorning any contribution, be it of chromosomes or only a few genes found in countless other gramineous strains, that will prove to be of undeniable Value to the betterment of many cereals.
Chapter 12
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In the spore, passage to opposite poles of the two centromeres of this newly created dicentric chromosome again produced a chromatid bridge that was again ruptured.
Nobel Lecture The Significance of Responses of the Genome to Challenge
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Further work is under way to map the human gene in detail but preliminary results support the localisation to human chromosome 11.
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The positions of RFLP markers are indicated by horizontal hatch marks along the chromosomes.
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At this point esch chromosome consist of a pair of chromatids and the two associated chromosomes are termed a tetrad.
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The gene is found on the X chromosome, males being more severely affected than females.
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Meiotic prophase can be further divided into leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis stages defined by the state of chromosome pairing and condensation.
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Silene latifolia is a dioecious plant with heteromorphic sex chromosomes.
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This trend was not reversed, even in the case of an uneven distribution of polygenes (when only four or nine polygenes were spread on different chromosomes in the case of selection).
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There a somatic genetic principle was established whereby mitotic chromosome replication produces sister chromatids that are different from one another.
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Recent molecular data indicate differences in molecular chromosome organization among the genomes of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid wheat.
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The microtubules tie the chromosomes to the mitotic spindle during cell division.
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The secondary mapping populations (SMPs), which were used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs), include near-isogenic lines, introgression lines, chromosome segment substitution lines et al.
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However, large chromosome blocks showed good colinearity between the two genomes.
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Now when _lata_ is produced it is believed that in the heterotypic division one pair passes into one daughter-cell instead of one chromosome of the pair into each daughter-cell, the other pairs segregating in the usual way.
Hormones and Heredity
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Our ability to detect doubly recombinant chromosomes depends on the genotype of the homolog after fertilization.
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These primordial germ cells are diploid, meaning that they have all the normal chromosomes of the organism in pairs.
CreationWiki - Recent changes [en]
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The gaur interbreeds with the mithan, and both have a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 58.
6 Wild Banteng
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There is evidence of complex quantum electrodynamic operations in chromatin – the form of DNA operative when the cell isn't replicating (thus dividing its DNA into chromosomes).
Coordinated Evolution
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We conclude that chromosomes with damaged centromeres fail to correctly attach to the spindle, thus producing MN and monosomy.
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He looks as though he is made of anger issues and extra Y chromosomes.
Times, Sunday Times
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Whole lengths of code, as we shall see, may occasionally be copied to completely different chromosomes.
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Next we asked whether sex chromosomes and autosomes contribute equally to the patterns of inheritance.
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The evolution of the heteromorphic sex chromosomes from an indistinguishable pair of autosomes is triggered by the suppression of recombination.
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The woman in our distant ancestry who carried the mitochondrial chromosomes from which all the human mitochondrial chromosomes of the present time are descended.
The Runaway Brain: the Evolution of Human Uniqueness
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However, the Z and W chromosomes are isomorphous.
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This phenomenon is discussed in light of a possible role of heterochromatic proteins in the process of heterochromatin underrepresentation in polytene chromosomes.
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In metaphase, chromatid fragments are attached to the homologous area of the sister chromatid while acentric chromosome fragments are apart from their chromosome of origin.
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Method Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism were used to examine 40 oral malignant tumors for loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 3p.
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Thankfully attitudes have changed and we now have a better understanding of the condition, which is caused by an extra chromosome.
The Sun
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The gametes they produce are haploid, meaning that they contain only one of each chromosome pair.
Population Genetics
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Kinetochore microtubule bundles link sister chromosomes to the poles.
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A third of candidate genes within these two loci are located in the 89B cytogenetic position, highlighting a possible major role for this chromosome position during the evolution of species specific adaptations to postmating prezygotic reproductive challenges.
BioMed Central - Latest articles
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The entrance into a telophase nucleus of a single broken end of a chromosome
Nobel Lecture The Significance of Responses of the Genome to Challenge
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Another explanation of recombination rate variation along Allium chromosomes may be the presence of sequence heterologies in the distal parts of A. roylei and A. fistulosum chromosomes.
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Methods: The chromosomes were obtained by culturing peripheral blood lymph cells collected from 756 cases for genetic counseling.
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It has long been thought that the grouping of telomeres is important for chromosome pairing and subsequent synapsis.
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The handicap is caused by a chromosomal abnormality which basically means that there is an additional chromosome in the cells.
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In contrast, 82.5% of injected cells align chromosomes in metaphase, progress to anaphase, and display chromosome velocities not significantly different from control cells.
Sub-cellular ID Spin - The Panda's Thumb
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The fusion of egg and sperm restores the diploid chromosome number in the zygote.
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If the centromere is in the middle, the chromosome is metacentric and the chromosome arms are equal in size.
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Some chromosomes may be unable to re-establish homologous synapsis after the insertion.
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Genetics: a characteristic resulting from the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
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Any bias in the segregation of one or the other of a pair of homologous chromosomes or chromatids between the oocyte and the polar body can have a dramatic effect on the genetic makeup of a population.
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Boxed areas indicate regions of highly conserved nucleotide sequences between chromosomes I and VII.
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Each cell of our bodies contains 46 chromosomes.
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Cells with anaphase and telophase bridges were not significantly more frequent in trichlorfon-treated cultures than in control cultures, indicating that chromosome exchanges were not induced.
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While some chromosomes show conserved synteny, others are rearranged in different chromosomes.
BioMed Central - Latest articles
