How To Use Chromatin In A Sentence
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It is, however, evident that this action on chromatin is most important for proper functioning of the genome and for maintenance of genome integrity.
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While this is happening, what appeared at first to be a spaghettilike jumble of the ninety-two chromatin strands condenses into chromosomes that upon close examination are actually twenty-three pairs of pairs, that is forty-six pairs or ninety-two chromosomes in all.
THE HIDDEN FACE OF GOD
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Chromatin was sheared by sonication, and DNA associated with either CLF1 or ORC1 was separately co-immunoprecipitated using an anti-HA antibody.
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Thus, the density of genes in heterochromatin is about 1% of that in euchromatin.
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However, none of the above chromatin remodelling factors binds to specific DNA sequences.
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A chromatin bridge would form at the meiotic anaphase by passage of the two centromeres on the dicentric chromosome to opposite poles of the spindle.
Nobel Lecture The Significance of Responses of the Genome to Challenge
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Slides containing F 2 worms were screened for the presence of worms with diakinesis nuclei exhibiting more than six chromatin masses (indicating failure in bivalent formation).
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Minimally, the binding of protein to this element should alter the chromatin structure of the promoter.
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The concept of functional units of regulation supposes the presence of chromatin loop domains, delimited by sequences known as chromatin boundaries.
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Rather, the DNA in chromatin must be wrapped on the outside of the histone octamer.
Roger D. Kornberg - Autobiography
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The body protoplasm is generally crescentic; there are two chromatin masses, the larger one, the nucleus, on the side of the convexity, the other narrower, more deeply stained situated usually on the edge of the concavity, the centrosome.
Alphonse Laveran - Nobel Lecture
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Its structure is that of an ordinary cell-nucleus, viz., it consists of a reticulum or karyomitome, the meshes of which are filled with karyoplasm, while connected with, or imbedded in, the reticulum are a number of chromatin masses or chromosomes, which may present the appearance of a skein or may assume the form of rods or loops.
I. Embryology. 2. The Ovum
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This and the stoichiometry of the tetramer implied a unit of structure in chromatin based on two each of the four histones, or an (H2A) 2 (H2B) 2 (H3) 2 (H4) 2 octamer.
Roger D. Kornberg - Autobiography
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There's a "biology teacher" who doesn't know what chromatin is (and never heard of a histone code),
A peek behind closed doors
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It had been known for some time that a crossover within the inverted segment in plants that are heterozygous for an inversion in one arm of a chromosome would result in a dicentric chromosome, and also an acentric fragment composed of all the chromatin from the distal breakpoint of the inversion to the end of the arm.
Nobel Lecture The Significance of Responses of the Genome to Challenge
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This and the stoichiometry of the tetramer implied a unit of structure in chromatin based on two each of the four histones, or an (H2A) 2 (H2B) 2 (H3) 2 (H4) 2 octamer.
Roger D. Kornberg - Autobiography
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In eukaryotic cells, the fundamental unit of chromatin is nucleosome, which is composed of a histone octamer with two copies of HA, HB, H and H and base pairs of DNA.
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There is evidence of complex quantum electrodynamic operations in chromatin – the form of DNA operative when the cell isn't replicating (thus dividing its DNA into chromosomes).
Coordinated Evolution
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This phenomenon is discussed in light of a possible role of heterochromatic proteins in the process of heterochromatin underrepresentation in polytene chromosomes.
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Histones are modified in various ways, including through a process called acetylation, which in turn modifies chromatin shape and structure.
Gene Key To Alzheimer’s-like Reversal Identified | Impact Lab
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For S-phase to occur, chromatin must be primed to initiate DNA replication at sequences called origins of replication.
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They showed at the same time that the nucleic material belonged to a well-defined part of the nuclear substance which stood out in a very conspicuous manner during the transformation process, whose amount in various nuclei is variable and which because of its reaction to certain stains has received the name of "chromatin".
Albrecht Kossel - Nobel Lecture
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I was studying the structure of genes in chromatin and had the good fortune of participating in a revolution made possible by recombinant DNA technology.
Richard Axel - Autobiography
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the presence or absence of sex chromatin in cells obtained by amniocentesis makes it possible to determine the sex of a fetus
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The chromatin was clumped, giving the nuclei a clear vesiculated appearance.
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Indeed the Polycomb protein has been detected in inactive chromatin isolated from the bithorax complex.
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More-over, it has been possible to show (Sutton-Gersh in collaboration with the author, unpublished) that the conspicuous nucleoli often associated with the heterochromatin are produced under the influence of still other autonomous genes in it, that are separate from those for the rnitotically visible blocks.
Hermann J. Muller - Nobel Lecture
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The background showed mild cytolysis with only occasional monotonous round cells that showed hyperchromatic nuclei with a delicate chromatin pattern and foamy cytoplasm.
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Genes located in heterochromatin are transcriptionally silenced, irrespective of their own promoter sequences.
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In wild-type cells, the repressed state spreads unidirectionally through nucleosomal chromatin.
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Chromatin is a complex molecular structure composed of nucleosomal repeats in which 147 bp of DNA are wrapped around two copies of the four core histones, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.
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The de novo assembly of silent chromatin requires passage through the S phase of the cell cycle.
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These genes encode proteins that are involved in regulating the expression of homeotic genes by changing chromatin structure.
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Fibroblasts stably infected with a retroviral construct expressing hemagglutinin (HA) - tagged MEOX2 were harvested 15 days postinfection and subjected to chromatin immunoprecipitation with HA, PolII, or preimmune IgG antibodies.
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Similar results were obtained from at least two independent PCR assays of two independent chromatin isolations.
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The eukaryotic chromatin must be highly organized to fit into the small volume of the nucleus.
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Several genes involved in the regulation of chromatin structure were identified as regulators of homeotic gene complexes.
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Position-effect variegation results from the juxtaposition of euchromatin and heterochromatin by chromosome rearrangement or transposon insertion.
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Studies of genes translocated to heterochromatin have provided insight into the factors that control chromatin states.
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The spt6-140 mutation alters transcription and chromatin in our inverted repeats, as determined by Northern and micrococcal nuclease sensitivity analyses, respectively.
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The carcinoma consisted of nests of tumor composed of a relatively monomorphic cell population with round nuclei, evenly distributed chromatin, and scanty cytoplasm.
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PRC2 can then methylate chromatin, preventing the activation of developmental regulator genes that would otherwise act to alter the identity of the cell.
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It was mapped in Drosophila by polytene chromosome in situ to 3L heterochromatin.
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At the molecular level, Spt5 localization on polytene chromosomes and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies reveal broad distribution of Spt5 at sites of active transcription as well as at the un-induced heat shock gene promoters
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In non-dividing cells, DNA is associated with proteins to form the so-called chromatin, with more condensed “heterochromatin” at the periphery and less condensed “euchromatin” in the interior.
Secret To Night Vision Found In DNA’s Unconventional ‘Architecture’ | Impact Lab
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In contrast, the 12 essential genes known to exist within the mitotic heterochromatin of chromosome 3 have remained only imprecisely mapped.
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The greater proximity of the centromere could cause suppression of recombination in the proximal euchromatin of fusion chromosomes.
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A few questions: How does speculations about intelligent design and theology fit in with the description of Gene as dealing with "structural, functional, and evolutionary aspects of genes, chromatin, chromosomes and genomes" Will Gene be opening a forthcoming issue to a reply from theologians, defending the almightiness of God?
2007 January - Telic Thoughts
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AS RNA, antisense RNA; ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation; DIG, digoxigenin; IP, inositol polyphosphate; ncRNA, noncoding RNA; Pi, inorganic phosphate
PLoS Biology: New Articles
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These basophil granules have been named chromatin or basichromatin and owe their staining properties to the presence of nucleic acid.
I. Embryology. 1. The Animal Cell
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Endonuclease-sensitive regions of human spermatozoal chromatin are highly enriched in promoter and CTCF binding sequences is to be published in the forthcoming issue of Genome Research.
Innovations-report
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The presence of the histones and CpG methylation most affect accessibility of the chromatin to RNA polymerases and transcription factors.
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The study from the UFS investigated how the binding of a specific protein, termed a linker histone, that binds to the length of DNA between nucleosomes, influenced the formation of the chromatin fiber and also the activity of genes.
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From a dynamic point of view, histone-tail modifications, such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation, are necessary to allow the activity of the chromatin remodeling complex.
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The nucleolus is a dark region of chromatin, in - volved in making ribosomes.
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Under normal conditions equal amounts of the four core histones are incorporated into chromatin.
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The wavy line represents euchromatin of chromosome 2.
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There's a "biology teacher" who doesn't know what chromatin is (and never heard of a histone code), a "physics teacher" who never got past Newtonian mechanics, a "theologian" who has no idea how Jews and orthodox Christians view Genesis I and II, etc., etc.
A peek behind closed doors
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The relationship is complicated by the presence of heterochromatin.
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Sperm chromatin contains protamines that must be replaced by histones before undergoing condensation.
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The chromo-domain and the related chromo-shadow domain mediate the formation of protein complexes and their association with chromatin.
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Studies of genes translocated to heterochromatin have provided insight into the factors that control chromatin states.
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These central masses have been generally termed nucleoli, but they seem clearly to correspond rather with the chromatin bodies of more highly organized nuclei, and will, therefore, be better designated as chromatin-masses.
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
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Nucleosomal arrays are further folded and compacted to form higher order chromatin structures.
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CELL FROM A SALAMANDER. _n_, nucleus; _n'_, nucleolus embedded in the network of chromatin threads; _k_, network of the cell external to the nucleus; _a_, attraction-sphere or archoplasm containing minute bodies called centrosomes; _cl_, membrane enclosing the cell externally, _nl_, membrane surrounding the nucleus;
Young Folks' Library, Volume XI (of 20) Wonders of Earth, Sea and Sky
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The packaging of DNA with histones into nucleosomes and higher-order chromatin structures has profound effects on transcription initiation.
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This can be expected, since different chromosomes in a genome can have different organizations of genes, euchromatin, and heterochromatin.
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To further study the basis for these changes in chromatin organization, we used micrococcal nuclease digestion to determine the arrangement of nucleosomes in this region.
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Numerous genes act to remodel and repress chromatin in heterochromatin and around euchromatic genes during development.
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Attention has accordingly been directed to the deeply-staining granules mentioned above, and the term chromatin-granules has been applied to them, and they have been considered to represent a rudimentary nucleus.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 2 "Baconthorpe" to "Bankruptcy"
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Although he did not use the term irreducible complexity the interactive nature of the protein was implicit to his analysis of the evolution of chromatin.
A Different Perspective on Irreducible Complexity
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Now the chromatin fiber is coiled into a structure called a "solenoid".
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Its structure is that of an ordinary cell-nucleus, viz., it consists of a reticulum or karyomitome, the meshes of which are filled with karyoplasm, while connected with, or imbedded in, the reticulum are a number of chromatin masses or chromosomes, which may present the appearance of a skein or may assume the form of rods or loops.
I. Embryology. 2. The Ovum
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Dr. Olney personally advised me in 1978 of his preliminary Aspartame research that identified chromatin clumping of the DNA similar to the DNA changes of gliomas of the most aggressive type of multicentric astrocytomas.
ASPARTAME IS NEUROTOXIC GENOTOXIC MOLECULAR FOOD & VACCINE PHARMACO-GENOCIDE
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Chromatin was digested with 0, 20, and 30 units/ml of micrococcal nuclease.
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The organization of DNA into euchromatin and heterochromatin is implicated in gene silencing.
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The appearance of Hand1 and Smyd1, transcription and chromatin remodeling factors; Acta1, Acta2, Myl3, and Myom1, myofibril proteins; and calcium-activated potassium-channel gene activity (KCNMB1), the channel protein, were powerfully attenuated in the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
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Histones are small basic proteins encoded by a multigene family and are responsible for the nucleosomal organization of chromatin in eukaryotes.
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DNA topoisomerase I may play a major role in transcription; the enzyme is physically associated with actively transcribed regions of chromatin where it reduces torsional stress generated during transcription.
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For the purpose of this study, the epigenetics market is divided into two major segments, namely bisulfite conversion kits and chromatin immunoprecipitation.
The Earth Times Online Newspaper
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In 3-month-course group, all the changes above appeared to be more serious with capillarectasia, basement membrane thickened, rod-cell nucleus pyknosis and metachromatin condensed.
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EtBr, as a fluorochrome intercalating into DNA, is widely used for the study of molecular organization of chromatin.
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The goal is to separately characterize the contributions of the envelope, chromatin. and subnuclear compartments to nuclear visco-elasticity.
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Despite clustering in heterochromatin, Dasheng elements are not nested, suggesting their potential value as molecular markers for these marker-poor regions.
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Our failure to detect maize chromatin by in situ hybridization may be an indication of somatic instability and chimerism in these individuals.
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The development of molecular biology and genome project have fostered much interest in the structure and function of centromeric heterochromatin.
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Heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding the CHD (chromodomain helicase DNA-binding domain) member CHD7, an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeller homologous to the
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Indeed, chromatin is known to be rich not only in histones but also HMG proteins, which may play a role in this charge shielding.
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Conceivably, the disruption of intrinsic chromatin states by alien DNA insertion could affect genomic stability in myriad ways.
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On a molecular level, silenced chromatin consists of specialized heterochromatin proteins and of nucleosomes carrying deacetylated histones.
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They move from the actual size of a leaf into a microscopic world that reveals leaf cell walls, the cell nucleus, chromatin, DNA and finally, into the subatomic universe of electrons and protons.
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Plainly, we must conclude that the chromatin material is something of extraordinary importance to the cell, and the centrosome is a bit of machinery for controlling its division and thus regulating cell division.
The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity
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Interphase - Between mitotic divisions, a normal resting or actively growing cell exists in a state known as interphase, in which the chromatin forms a highly diffuse, fibrous network that is being continuously transcribed by enzymes within the nucleus (Figure 1 (a)).
Undefined
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An astonishing number of biochemical and genetic techniques are available to study chromatin behavior.
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The cells were described as having scant, indistinct cytoplasm with finely dispersed chromatin, reminiscent of lymphoblasts.
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A quantification of distortion and dilation of nuclear elements such as the lamina, chromatin, and nucleoli is an important step in connecting subnuclear forces to genome expression.
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The phenomenon is still not understood at the molecular level although histone modifications, binding of specific chromatin condensing proteins (HP1), and DNA methylation all play important roles46.
Advanced Information: The 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
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The structure of chromatin is intimately linked to the function of the eukaryotic genome.
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Minimally, the binding of protein to this element should alter the chromatin structure of the promoter.
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DNA replication, like other DNA-dependent processes, must contend with the organization of DNA into nucleosomes and higher-order chromatin structures.
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The DNA-protein complex of cell nuclei, chromatin, is condensed to chromosomes during cell division.
Press Release: The 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
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The chromatin material, in both the male and female pronucleus, soon breaks up into a network in which it is no longer possible to see that each contains two chromosomes (Fig. 41).
The Story of the Living Machine A Review of the Conclusions of Modern Biology in Regard to the Mechanism Which Controls the Phenomena of Living Activity
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Prophase - The first stage of mitosis is known as prophase, where the nuclear chromatin starts to become organized and condenses into thick strands that eventually become chromosomes observable in the optical microscope (Figure 1 (b)).
Undefined
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Further, in most organisms there is a virtual absence of exchange in heterochromatin and a reduction of exchange frequencies in euchromatin that lies near chromosomal elements such as centromeres and telomeres.
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Minimally, the binding of protein to this element should alter the chromatin structure of the promoter.
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By forming the noncanonical DNA structure (hairpins, triplexes, and quadruplexes) and taking part in the non - Watson-Crick interactions, simple sequences may play a role in maintaining the chromatin organization.
