How To Use Chloroplast In A Sentence
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I was studying a phenomenon known since 1908 as the phototaxy of chloroplasts: the property of some algae living at the surface of ponds to orient their large unique chloroplast according to the intensity of light; if the light was too intense, the chloroplast turned inside the tubular cell to present its edge.
Luc Montagnier - Autobiography
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In all experiments the algae were treated with benzoquinone, to inhibit metabolic activity in the chloroplast and to maintain an oxidized plastoquinone pool.
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Chloro" means green, therefore a chloroplast is a green plastid that stores chlorophyll
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Most of these molecules are generated during the grinding and malaxation, when active enzymes from the damaged fruit cells come into contact with vulnerable polyunsaturated fatty acids in the green chloroplasts.
On Food and Cooking, The Science and Lore of the Kitchen
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The same enzyme exists in chloroplasts and bacteria.
Press Release: The 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
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Later, the efflux of solutes from chloroplasts was measured.
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Most of the carbon fixed by mature leaves is exported from the chloroplast by the triose phosphate/phosphate translocator for subsequent utilization in sucrose and amino acid biosynthesis in the cytoplasm.
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Products of these genes are targeted into at least three cellular compartments: cytosol, chloroplasts, and mitochondria.
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The outer layer of the abaxial epidermis contains sunken stomata with strongly fluorescing chloroplasts in the guard cells.
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In higher plant chloroplasts, many pigment-binding proteins are inserted into the thylakoid membrane and organized into multisubunit complexes called photosystems.
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Plant chloroplasts normally capture photons to excite electrons to drive photosynthesis.
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The chloroplasts with large grana stacks were seen in 50% of cases but none of the parameters significantly explained the occurrence.
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Mitochondria and peroxisomes, unlike chloroplasts, were not used as target organelles during photographing.
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It appears that originally free-living green bacteria were hijacked into plant cells, where they eventually evolved into what we now call chloroplasts.
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Thus, for both mitochondrial and chloroplastidial DNA, a ratio of mean standardized distances exceeding unity signifies a higher paternal rate.
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Chloroplasts are cell organelles comparable to the mitochondria of animal cells.
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The structure of chloroplast was integrity, osmiophilic granule was dispersing in plastids.
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Don't see how you retrogradely fit preplastids onto plastids without corrupting the function of the endosymbiont chloroplast.
A critique on the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria
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Interestingly, GFP-ARC5 can be faintly detected in unconstricted chloroplasts indicating that ARC5 may play a role in chloroplast division earlier than was previously suggested from analysis of the arc5 mutant.
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In mesophyll cells, chloroplasts are dismantled in an early phase of senescence, while mitochondria remain functional.
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As stomatal guard cells contain chloroplasts they would be expected to contain the apparatus necessary to make ABA.
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In a series of experiments with hemera mutants, the team found these plants tended to have smaller phytochrome nuclear bodies and were unable to remove PIFs in light, which could explain why the mutants weren't making chloroplasts.
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The ratio of soluble protein to chlorophyll in the isolated chloroplasts was approximately half that of whole leaf extracts.
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In this study, we present the patterns of genetic differentiation of pitcher plant populations based on chloroplast DNA haplotype analysis using the sequences of five spacers.
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The vascular bundle is surrounded by a sclerenchymatic sheath and parenchyma with chloroplasts.
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Inactivation of plastids in the leaf mesophyll, which normally contains the majority of chloroplasts would be the most easily identified.
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Fluorescence of guard cell chloroplasts was imaged when plants were at approximately the six-leaf stage.
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Sieve-tube members are also living cells in leaves, and contain plastids but not chloroplasts.
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During primary sulphate assimilation in chloroplasts, sulphate is reduced via sulphite to the organic sulphide which is used for cysteine biosynthesis.
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The present experiment found that the "lag phase" of photosynthesis existed in all the tissues studied, such as intact leaves, leaf fragments, mesophyll cells, protoplasts and chloroplasts.
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The outer layer of the abaxial epidermis contains sunken stomata with strongly fluorescing chloroplasts in the guard cells.
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Stromules have been recorded on all major plastid types, including proplastids, chloroplasts, etioplasts, leucoplasts, amyloplasts, and chromoplasts.
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What's interesting about this study is that it challenges a widely held hypothesis that Eucarya arose out of the fusion of a bacterium with an archaeon (also known as the endosymbiotic origin of the nucleus, not to be confused with the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts).
Another Big Example of Reductive Evolution?
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All are filamentous, oogamous, and have net-like chloroplasts.
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Granules of different sizes were noted in the chloroplast stroma in all treatments.
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This suggests that assembly of the carotenoid layers in the chloroplast is not required for proper localization of the photoreceptors in the plasma membrane of the cell.
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Alternatively, embryo plastids and leaf chloroplasts were prepared as described, but without illumination.
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There has long been speculation that excessive accumulation of starch may impair chloroplast function.
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Conversion of chloroplasts to chromoplasts occurs well before flower opening and thus before the reproductive function of the flower commences.
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This action all takes place inside tiny capsules called chloroplasts that reside inside every plant cell - and which is where photosynthesis happens.
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The best-studied CAM models produce predominantly starch in the chloroplast as the transitory carbon reserve to support nocturnal carboxylation and malate synthesis.
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A second important development has also taken place, with much less media coverage: the genetic engineering of cell organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria.
The new weapons of genetic engineering
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The cells lack a sheath and are uni-nucleate with a conspicuous single laminate parietal chloroplast that encircles less than half of the cell.
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The VPC chloroplasts possessed well-developed thylakoids with grana.
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The fluorescence intensity emitted by the chloroplasts is dependent on the amount of light absorbed by them.
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There has long been speculation that excessive accumulation of starch may impair chloroplast function.
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Pyruvate formed by this reaction has to be exported from the chloroplast.
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In photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms, nitrate assimilation involves two membrane barriers, the plasma and the chloroplast membranes.
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ATP synthase is found in chloroplast and mitochondrial membranes and in the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997
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As ripening progresses, fruit colour changes from green to red as chloroplasts are transformed into chromoplasts, chlorophyll is degraded and carotenoids accumulate.
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That is, all Cyanobacteria and algal chloroplasts are, together, all of the descendants of some unique common ancestral cyanobacterium.
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I am really enjoying stretching my stomata and giving my chloroplasts a good workout.
Times, Sunday Times
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Chloroplasts were abundant in the secondary cortex and secondary phloem, and occurred throughout the secondary xylem rays and medulla of 3-year-old stems.
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High temperatures can cause plasmolysis, change chloroplast coloration, or distort cell shape.
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These plants have similar growth characteristics to wild-type plants, but ultrastructural analysis revealed extended, duplicated, or triplicated, undividing chloroplasts.
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Chloroplast envelopes, stacked grana and unstacked stroma thylakoids were well-defined.
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These microscopic organisms, typically 1-5 micrometres long, are distinguished by the absence of sub-cellular organelles, such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
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Autophagy of entire chloroplasts during leaf senescence would cause a continuous decrease in the number of plastids per mesophyll cell.
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What's interesting about this study is that it challenges a widely held hypothesis that Eucarya arose out of the fusion of a bacterium with an archaeon (also known as the endosymbiotic origin of the nucleus, not to be confused with the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts).
Another Big Example of Reductive Evolution?
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In chloroplasts, repair of PSII is thought to take place in the stromal lamellae.
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This cell has an organelle (s) called a chloroplast that gives photosynthetic cells their characteristic green color.
WN.com - Articles related to Plants give up some deep secrets of drought resistance
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All protein sequences from 21 complete chloroplast genomes are analyzed in comparison with selected archaea, eubacteria, and eukaryotes.
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Even in the late stages of leaf senescence, the chloroplasts of guard cells remain green and functional.
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Note that large GenBank entries (Lambda, EBV, tobacco and liverwort chloroplasts) may not make it through the thread of mailers.
What We Didn't Know About Slavery
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Chloroplast envelopes, stacked grana and unstacked stroma thylakoids were well-defined.
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A transit peptide lets the cytoplasmically made protein enter chloroplasts.
The Scientist
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Chloroplasts and mitochondria communicate through metabolites, exemplified by photorespiration and energy metabolism.
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Plant cells carry chloroplasts: organelles containing the pigment chlorophyll, which they employ to entrap sunlight.
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Ripening of tomato fruit involves the differentiation of chloroplasts in young green fruit into chromoplasts in mature ripe red fruit.
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These magnifications were chosen to discern clearly the structure of the chloroplasts, which were the main target organelles in this study.
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Stromules tend to be relatively rare in cell types such as mesophyll or guard cells that contain large chloroplasts.
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Some protist species retain and use the chloroplasts in the prey they eat while other protists harbor symbionts, entire autotrophic bacteria or protists.
Marine microbes
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Glycolipid (glycosyldiacylglycerol) An acylglycerol containing a carbohydrate group or an amino sugar. Glycolipids are the major lipids in chloroplasts. See glycerolipid.
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Margulis is best known for endosymbiotic theory (which proposes that mitochondria in animal cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are derived from bacteria that were engulfed and formed a symbiotic relationship with other cells) and the Gaia hypothesis.
Archive 2007-05-01
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Before this study, only one polypod and two basal ferns had their complete chloroplast (cp) genome reported.
BioMed Central - Latest articles
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Nadp is much preferred to oxygen as an electron acceptor in intact chloroplasts.
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It is found in leaves, etiolated tissues, seeds, roots, fruits, and tubers in the chloroplast as well as in the cytosol.
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Next, the transit sequence interacts with the proteinaceous components of the chloroplast protein import machinery.
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Most leaves show dorsoventral anatomy: the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions. transparent (epidermal cells lack chloroplasts) and coated on the outer side with a waxy cuticle that prevents water loss.
Wikibooks - Recent changes [en]
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Chloroplasts in these plants were smaller and contained poorly developed thylakoid membrane systems.
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Chloroplasts at the proximal end of the cell also have grana, but with up to nine thylakoids per stack.
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A brief review of chloroplast structure is useful before discussing these experiments.
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The chloroplasts were analysed by SDS-PAGE and fluorography.
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Chloroplast envelopes, stacked grana and unstacked stroma thylakoids were well-defined.
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In dark or weaker light, the chloroplast, a flat plate, exposed its larger surface.
Luc Montagnier - Autobiography
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Amoebae, blood cells, chloroplasts, hydra, paramecia, and other microscopic microorganisms wiggle and squirm with fascinating movement in closeup views sure to make you wash your hands.
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However, it is possible that endogenous CKs play a role in chloroplast acclimation since it was found that kinetin stimulates the development of sun-type chloroplasts.
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Geranylgeraniol is distributed as a pyrophosphate ester in the envelope and thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
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The contributing enzymes are localized in three different organelles, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
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The results indicate that the sequence analysis of the hotspot region is a very powerful tool to investigate genetic variations of chloroplast genome in Triticum and Aegilops.
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The B subunit carries a C-terminal extension responsible for the oligomerization of higher plant chloroplast GAPDH into an A 8 B 8 regulatory form.
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Within the leaf sheath a certain amount of development can be expected: in contrast to dicotyledonous plants, chloroplast division and development can occur in the absence of light in barley.
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The plants take in the summer light, each photon falling onto the surface of a microscopic, blob-shaped structure called a chloroplast.
Parasite Rex
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The results indicate that the sequence analysis of the hotspot region is a very powerful tool to investigate genetic variations of chloroplast genome in Triticum and Aegilops.
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In ripening fruit, chloroplasts develop into chromoplasts and there are large changes in stromule number and morphology, particularly in the inner mesocarp cells.
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(A chloroplast is an organelle that is present in plant cells but not in animal cells).
Physiology or Medicine for 1999 - Press Release
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The results indicate that the sequence analysis of the hotspot region is a very powerful tool to investigate genetic variations of chloroplast genome in Triticum and Aegilops.
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During primary sulphate assimilation in chloroplasts, sulphate is reduced via sulphite to the organic sulphide which is used for cysteine biosynthesis.
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There's the familiar system of organelles called chloroplasts that turn sunlight into fuel via photosynthesis.
PhysOrg.com - latest science and technology news stories
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It was suggested above that one proton was released in the chloroplast stroma for every three oxygen molecules fixed during photorespiration.
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The results indicate that the sequence analysis of the hotspot region is a very powerful tool to investigate genetic variations of chloroplast genome in Triticum and Aegilops.
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While mechanical homogenization is easily applied to species with soft leaf tissue, the literature contains very few reports of the successful use of this technique in the isolation of wheat chloroplasts.
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It is likely that these two proteins represent only the first of many, however, since a proteomics study recently identified other nucleus-encoded chloroplast proteins that appear to lack canonical TP sequences.
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Light dependence of zeaxanthin formation in hypocotyl and mesophyll chloroplasts of Arabidopsis seedlings
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As Zeiger et al. have recently emphasized, guard cell chloroplasts show remarkable functional plasticity.
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Because of maternal inheritance of chloroplasts, we attempted, when possible, to use landraces and cultivars derived from selections to avoid loss of chloroplast information from hybridization events.
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The intactness of chloroplasts was estimated from the difference in the quantum yield of photosynthetic complex II in the presence and absence of ferricyanide, measured using a PAM2000 Chlorophyll Fluorometer (Walz, Germany).
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Note the fragments within the chloroplast and the autophagous vacuoles containing dark material.
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If these were intergeneric hybrids, they would likely have significantly incongruent positions between the chloroplast and mitochondrial gene phylogenies.
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She convinced the cytologists that mitochondria are symbionts in both plant and animal cells, as are chloroplasts in plant cells.
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As well as corroborating the findings in the previous two sections, this also provides more evidence to suggest that different precursor proteins are imported into chloroplasts via the same import machinery.
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ATP synthase is found in chloroplast and mitochondrial membranes and in the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997
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With increasing maturity of chloroplasts there is an increased ability to photosynthesize and therefore to undergo predominantly autotrophic metabolism.
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The chloroplast structure and the pigment assortment that includes chlorophyll a and c2, but not c1, suggest that only the red algae may be more primitive.
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During primary sulphate assimilation in chloroplasts, sulphate is reduced via sulphite to the organic sulphide which is used for cysteine biosynthesis.
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Suppose you're talking about GMOs in class, and a question on an exam deals with biocontainment and chloroplast transformation.
College professor: "Flunk the IDiots"
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During primary sulphate assimilation in chloroplasts, sulphate is reduced via sulphite to the organic sulphide which is used for cysteine biosynthesis.
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Phototropins mediate photomovement responses such as phototropism, chloroplast relocation and stomatal opening.
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Most leaves show dorsoventral anatomy: the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions. transparent (epidermal cells lack chloroplasts) and coated on the outer side with a waxy cuticle that prevents water loss.
Wikibooks - Recent changes [en]
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Ripening of tomato fruit involves the differentiation of chloroplasts in young green fruit into chromoplasts in mature ripe red fruit.
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In dinoflagellates, four types of eye-spots are known: type A, an independent structure that is not membrane-bound; type B, an independent membrane-bound structure; type C, structure as part of a chloroplast; and type D, an elaborate eye-like structure called ocellus
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In this species the two parents' chloroplasts engage in a war of attrition that destroys 95 percent of them.
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[1] Localization chloroplast (enzyme is targeted to the outer chloroplast envelope [5]) [5] microsome
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Carbon fixed during the day can be exported from the chloroplasts into the cytosol in the form of triose phosphates via the triose phosphate/phosphate translocator.
