How To Use Aorist In A Sentence
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The conjugation of "vidi" in the aoristic tense of the conditional mood is as follows: mi vidus, I should see. vi vidus, you would see. li (sxi, gxi) vidus, he (she, it) would see. ni vidus, we should see. vi vidus, you would see. ili vidus, they would see.
A Complete Grammar of Esperanto
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But since, in the historical periods of the language, action in progress in past time is expressed by the Imperfect, and the Future is used both as a progressive and as an aoristic tense for future time, it results that the Present Indicative is chiefly used to express action in progress in present time.
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Two of the more troublesome phenomena are verbs with an active present and future middle; and ‘passive deponents,’ i.e., ‘deponent’ verbs whose aorists are passive in form, not middle.
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Then the past aorist participle, "they that used the office of deacon well," implies that the present verb, "are acquiring to themselves boldness," is the result of the completed action of using the diaconate well.
Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible
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Further, with all forms except the aorist and future, we are not able to tell whether a verb is middle or passive.
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According to Robertson, Homeric Greek has many more instances of the middle than the passive because neither the future nor the aorist had yet developed distinct forms to any great extent.
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So this is in part why I'm now pursuing a hunch that Arretium could perhaps be a Greek name in the end, namely from Erythrion, a name built on the word erythros 'red' ( durative, mi-class) and those unmarked by it ( aorist, past) on the one hand, and subjective verbs marked with *-r ( middle) and those without ( hi-class, perfect-stative) on the other.
Archive 2009-09-01
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The previous section points out that Koine ‘preferred the aorist passive in the case of deponents (where a real passive meaning is at best a possibility)’.
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She caught at the nerves like certain aoristic combinations in music, like tones of a stringed instrument swept by the wind, enticing, unseizable.
Beauchamp's Career — Complete
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Beside the aoristic tense, six compound tenses are formed by combining the participles with the imperative mood "estu" of the auxiliary verb, but these tenses are seldom used.
A Complete Grammar of Esperanto
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Jasanoff's theories, the durative-aorist-perfect model, active-stative, and subjective-objective into a single coherent model that explains everything much clearer than what I'm finding in journals and books.
Archive 2009-09-01
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The compound tenses formed by combining the future active participle with each of the three aoristic tenses of "esti" represent an act or state as about to occur in the present, past, or future, respectively, and are called "periphrastic future tenses.
A Complete Grammar of Esperanto
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However, in the indicative mood, the aorist usually indicates past time.
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In this case, the understood verb is, as noted above, an aorist active indicative denoting an action (or beginning of an action) in past time.
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The minority of these future middle verbs form the aorist normally.
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All this being said, we then understand why the perfective action could not possibly have been originally marked by *-i as proven by non-Anatolian dialects if its function were originally to express this aspect, due to the obvious semantic contradictions that would ensue, and we also see why the sigmatic aorist couldn't have ever applied to all verbs, such as punctives, likewise to avoid simple contradiction.
Archive 2009-08-01
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Perfect can be completed aspect in present time or aoristic aspect in past time.
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All this being said, we then understand why the perfective action could not possibly have been originally marked by *-i as proven by non-Anatolian dialects if its function were originally to express this aspect, due to the obvious semantic contradictions that would ensue, and we also see why the sigmatic aorist couldn't have ever applied to all verbs, such as punctives, likewise to avoid simple contradiction.
The active-stative mess
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Further, with all forms except the aorist and future, we are not able to tell whether a verb is middle or passive.
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Rather, the marker *-s- specifies a specific event of an inherently dynamic verb a perfective nuance and this is why only some verbs were given a sigmatic aorist later on in non-Anatolian dialects.
The active-stative mess
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It differs from the aoristic present by expressing an action as definitely in progress, or a condition as continuously existing, at the moment of speaking.
A Complete Grammar of Esperanto
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Rather, the marker *-s- specifies a specific event of an inherently dynamic verb a perfective nuance and this is why only some verbs were given a sigmatic aorist later on in non-Anatolian dialects.
Archive 2009-08-01
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Particularly puzzling can be perfective verbs in the imperfect and imperfective ones in the aorist.
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Finally the sigmatic aorist is no longer treated as a formalized conjugation distinct from the non-continuous.
The active-stative mess
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The aoristic present presents the action as a simple event or as a present fact without any reference to its progress.
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An experiential form, parallel to Mandarin guo 过, can easily yield explicit past tense "sigmatic aorists" in Core IE dialects, while forming special 3ps sigmatic past forms for an originally tenseless hi-class as evidenced by Anatolian and Tocharian.
New thought: A 2D matrix of eventive/non-eventive and subjective/objective
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We can now readily see from the above list that Hittite's 3ps preterite is identical to the experiential form sigmatic aorist, complete with the long *ē vocalism that tags non-punctive verbs.
Looking for a simple origin to Hittite's hi-class preterite
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However, the antecedent of sigmatic aorists ie. those verbs marked in *-s- with lengthened root vowel which originally expressed a past experience were by definition eventive as well.
Archive 2009-09-01
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While my previous contrasting of eventive and non-eventive explains the use of the two sets of personal endings of the verb to an extent, there are still a few cases such as the would-be sigmatic aorist (eg. *bʰērst 'he carried (at one time)') where a term like non-eventive is totally inadequate, if not wrong altogether, but it was the closest concept I could find to explain the pattern.
Interesting quirks of a PIE subjective-objective model
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It appears that there's a symmetry between objective verbs marked with *-i ( durative, mi-class) and those unmarked by it ( aorist, past) on the one hand, and subjective verbs marked with *-r ( middle) and those without ( hi-class, perfect-stative) on the other.
Interesting quirks of a PIE subjective-objective model
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In Latin, perfective and aoristic semantics fused in the perfect, leaving the perfect and imperfect stems.
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It is only in the aorist that separate passive forms had become fully established (and to a lesser extent the future passive which is based on the aorist passive).
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This category is the origin of root aorists and imperfective past in Core IE while becoming the mi-class preterite in Anatolian.
New thought: A 2D matrix of eventive/non-eventive and subjective/objective
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When the forgiveness of sins is considered, the use of the aorist tense in the Lord's Prayer makes clear that only a final (one-time only) forgiveness is sought when the Lord comes.
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This "past tense" you are referring to is actually the aorist tense, which in most moods of the non-participle forms, would carry a meaning of past time with aoristic aspect.
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It differs from the aoristic past tense (35) and from the imperfect (113) by expressing an act or condition as definitely completed or perfected.
A Complete Grammar of Esperanto
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Ever notice that in the "rest of IE" there are some verbs that are "durative" or "present" and some that are "aorist" by default?
Thoughts on the early Indo-European subjunctive 1ps ending
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Compound tenses occur less often in Esperanto than in English, and an aoristic Esperanto tense may often be translated by an English compound tense, as "La birdoj flugas", the birds are flying.
A Complete Grammar of Esperanto
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Anyways, as per my previous model, there are interesting quirks that seem to automatically surface when I personally take on the goal to finally account for both the mi-class/hi-class contrast in Anatolian with the durative-aorist-perfect system of Core IE dialects.
Interesting quirks of a PIE subjective-objective model
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In addition to the aoristic tense, the conditional mood has three active and three passive compound tenses, formed by combining the participles with the aoristic tense of "esti" in the conditional mood.
A Complete Grammar of Esperanto
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It is quite intriguing to notice that the majority of these active-present, future-middle verbs have a stem change in the aorist (a second aorist form).
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The compound tenses formed by combining the future passive participle with each of the three aoristic tenses of "esti" represent an act or condition as "about to be undergone" in the present, past, or future, respectively.
A Complete Grammar of Esperanto
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Adding to my previous explanation of a tenseless conjugation in Common Proto-Indo-European PIE, I notice that by comparing the sigmatic aorist marked in *-s- with the experiential marker guo in Mandarin, a tenseless language, we start to see how it's possible for a number of dialects that have all grammaticized tense can still all derive, strangely enough, from a completely tenseless language.
Archive 2009-08-01
