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Prepositions after verbs

Produce by or produce in?

Produce by usually refers to method or agent. Produce in usually refers to place, industry, or context.

Quick answer

How do produce by and produce in differ?

Use by to show who or what creates something, or the method used. Use in for locations, industries, or fields where production happens.

The film was produced by a small studio.
Most of the wine is produced in Italy.
The effect is produced by heat.

Choose the pattern by meaning

These forms are not interchangeable. Choose the construction by meaning, not by which preposition appears most often.

1
produce something by + method/agent

Showing how something is created

By introduces the creator, cause, or production method.

The sound is produced by vibration.
2
produce something in + place

Showing where production happens

Use in for countries, factories, and regions.

These cars are produced in Germany.
3
produce in + field/industry

Working within a creative field

In can show the area where someone produces work.

She has produced documentaries in television for years.

See the difference in context

The same subject can take different constructions because each sentence answers a different question.

Construction
Example
Meaning
produce by
The medicine is produced by a local company.
By shows the producer or method.
produce in
Olive oil is produced in many Mediterranean countries.
In shows location or field.
produce with
The factory produces furniture with recycled wood.
With introduces materials or tools.
produce for
The company produces software for schools.
For shows the intended user or market.

Common mistakes

Some combinations appear in real text but do not mean what learners often assume.

Using by for locations

Use in for countries, cities, and factories.

✕ The coffee is produced by Brazil. ✓ The coffee is produced in Brazil.

Using in for agents

Use by before the producer or creator.

✕ The album was produced in Martin Lee. ✓ The album was produced by Martin Lee.

Confusing method and material

By often shows method or cause, while with commonly introduces materials.

✓ The sculpture was produced with recycled metal.

Quick practice

Choose the expression that matches the intended meaning.

1. The series was produced ___ an independent director.
2. These textiles are produced ___ India.
3. Electricity can be produced ___ wind power.

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Frequently asked questions

Can produce by refer to machines?

Yes. By can introduce a machine, process, or natural force: produced by pressure.

Why do we say produced in France?

In is used for the place where production occurs.

Is produced with also correct?

Yes. With often introduces materials, ingredients, or tools used in production.

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