Prepositions after verbs

Embody in or embody by?

Embody usually takes a direct object without a preposition: The policy embodies fairness. In can appear in passive structures such as embodied in a document. By is uncommon after embody except when introducing the agent in passive voice.

Quick answer

How is embody normally used?

Embody is most often transitive with no preposition: The design embodies simplicity. In appears in passive patterns such as embodied in the constitution. Embody by is not a standard active pattern, though by may introduce the agent in passive clauses.

The sculpture embodies strength and movement.
These values are embodied in the company charter.
The idea was embodied by the lead character.

Choose the pattern by meaning

These forms are not interchangeable. Choose the construction by meaning, not by which preposition appears most often.

1
embody + quality or idea

Expressing or representing something

Embody commonly takes a direct object without a following preposition.

Her leadership embodies patience and discipline.
The building embodies modern design principles.
2
be embodied in + form or document

Showing where an idea appears

Use embodied in to show the form, system, or object containing the idea.

The agreement is embodied in national law.
3
be embodied by + person or thing

Identifying the representative

By introduces the person or thing that represents the idea in passive structures.

The spirit of the city is embodied by its central market.

See the difference in context

The same subject can take different constructions because each sentence answers a different question.

Construction
Example
Meaning
embody
The campaign embodies hope.
Standard active use with a direct object.
embodied in
The principles are embodied in the treaty.
Shows where the principles are expressed or contained.
embodied by
That ideal is embodied by the volunteers.
By introduces the representative in passive voice.
embody by
The novel embodies social change.
Embody by is not a normal active verb-preposition pattern.

Common mistakes

Some combinations appear in real text but do not mean what learners often assume.

Adding an unnecessary preposition

Embody usually takes a direct object.

✕ The logo embodies in innovation. ✓ The logo embodies innovation.

Using embody by in active voice

By is generally used only in passive structures.

✕ The actor embodies by courage. ✓ The actor embodies courage.

Confusing embodied in and embodied by

In refers to the form containing the idea. By refers to the representative.

✕ The values are embodied by the constitution. ✓ The values are embodied in the constitution.

Using embody for temporary behaviour

Embody usually refers to a strong or lasting representation.

✓ She showed patience during the meeting.

Quick practice

Choose the expression that matches the intended meaning.

1. The monument embodies ___ and resilience.
2. The policy is embodied ___ the final report.
3. The values are embodied ___ community volunteers.

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Frequently asked questions

Do I need a preposition after embody?

Usually no. Embody commonly takes a direct object.

When do we use embodied in?

Use embodied in when an idea is expressed in a document, law, system, or object.

Is embody by correct?

Not as a normal active pattern. By is mainly used in passive structures such as embodied by the hero.

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